Control of Inflammation by Calorie Restriction Mimetics: On the Crossroad of Autophagy and Mitochondria

Mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy are two of the most metabolically active cellular processes, playing a crucial role in regulating organism longevity. In fact, both mitochondrial dysfunction or autophagy decline compromise cellular homeostasis and induce inflammation. Calorie restriction (CR) is the oldest strategy known to promote healthspan, and a plethora of CR mimetics have been used to emulate its beneficial effects. Herein, we discuss how CR and CR mimetics, by modulating mitochondrial metabolism or autophagic flux, prevent inflammatory processes, protect the intestinal barrier function, and dampen both inflammaging and neuroinflammation. We outline the effects of some compounds classically known as modulators of autophagy and mitochondrial function, such as NAD+ precursors, metformin, spermidine, rapamycin, and resveratrol, on the control of the inflammatory cascade and how these anti-inflammatory properties could be involved in their ability to increase resilience to age-associated diseasesThis research was funded by the H2020-EU.1.1. European Research Council (ERC-2016-StG 715322-EndoMitTalk), and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/188, PI19/855), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). M.M. is supported by the Miguel Servet program from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII19/00014, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre

How Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Pandemic Affect the Depression Symptomatology in Mediterranean Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome?

Background and Aims. To control the COVID-19 spread, in March 2020, a forced home lockdown was established in Spain. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of mobility and social COVID-19-established restrictions on depressive symptomatology in older adults with metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that severe restrictions might have resulted in detrimental changes in depressive symptomatology. Methods. 2,312 PREDIMED-Plus study participants (men = 53:9%; mean age = 64:9±4:8 years) who completed a COVID-19 lockdown questionnaire to assess the severity of restrictions/lockdown and the validated Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) during the three established phases concerning the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain (prelockdown, lockdown, and postlockdown) were included in this longitudinal analysis. Participants were categorized according to high or low lockdown severity. Analyses of covariance were performed to assess changes in depressive symptomatology across lockdown phases. Results. No significant differences in participant depression symptomatology changes were observed between lockdown severity categories (low/high) at the studied phases. During the lockdown phase, participants showed a decrease in BDI-II score compared to the prelockdown phase (mean (95% CI), -0.48 (-0.24, -0.72), P < 0:001); a nonsignificantly larger decrease was observed in participants allocated in the low-lockdown category (low: -0.59 (-0.95, -0.23), high: -0.43 (-0.67, -0.19)). Similar decreases in depression symptomatology were found for the physical environment dimension. The post- and prelockdown phase BDI-II scores were roughly similar. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown was associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology that returned to prelockdown levels after the lockdown. The degree of lockdown was not associated with depressive symptomatology. The potential preventive role of the physical environment and social interactions on mental disorders during forced home lockdown should be further studie

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Old T cells pollute with mito-litter

The mysteries behind immune aging and its related inflammation are being unmasked. Jin et al. reveal that the defective turnover of damaged mitochondria in CD4+ T cells from older individuals results in the exacerbated secretion of mitochondrial DNA, which fuels inflammaging and impairs immune responses.The authors were supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/855), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Commission through H2020-EU.1.1, European Research Council grant ERC-2021-CoG-101044248-Let T Be, and the Y2020/BIO-6350 NutriSION-CM synergy grant from Comunidad de Madrid. M.M.G.d.l.H. is supported by a FPU grant (FPU19/02576) from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain). Funding for this research was provided by: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU19/02576

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing

Metabolism is dynamically regulated to accompany immune cell function, and altered immunometabolism can result in impaired immune responses. Concomitantly, the pharmacological manipulation of metabolic processes offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolic intermediate that serves as enzyme cofactor in redox reactions, and is also used as a co-substrate by many enzymes such as sirtuins, adenosine diphosphate ribose transferases and synthases. Through these activities, NAD+ metabolism regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, regulation of the epigenetic landscape and inflammation. Thus, the manipulation of NAD+ availability using pharmacological compounds such as NAD+ precursors can have immune-modulatory properties in inflammation. Here, we discuss how the NAD+ metabolism contributes to the immune response and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammageingSpanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-110511RB-I00) to M.N.N, and the H2020-EU.1.1, European Research Council (ERC-2016-StG 715322-EndoMitTalk), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/855) to M.M, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) to M.M and M.N.N. M.M.GH was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU19/02576). M.M. is supported by the Miguel Servet program (CPII19/00014, Fundación de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre). Institutional grants from the Fundación Ramón Areces and Banco de Santander to the CBMSO are also acknowledged

Extremely Differentiated T Cell Subsets Contribute to Tissue Deterioration During Aging

There is a dramatic remodeling of the T cell compartment during aging. The most notorious changes are the reduction of the naive T cell pool and the accumulation of memory-like T cells. Memory-like T cells in older people acquire a phenotype of terminally differentiated cells, lose the expression of costimulatory molecules, and acquire properties of senescent cells. In this review, we focus on the different subsets of age-associated T cells that accumulate during aging. These subsets include extremely cytotoxic T cells with natural killer properties, exhausted T cells with altered cytokine production, and regulatory T cells that gain proinflammatory features. Importantly, all of these subsets lose their lymph node homing capacity and migrate preferentially to nonlymphoid tissues, where they contribute to tissue deterioration and inflammaging.This study was supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/855), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Commission through H2020-EU.1.1, European Research Council grant ERC-2016-StG 715322-EndoMitTalk, and the Y2020/BIO-6350 NutriSION-CM synergy grant from Comunidad de Madrid. G.S.-H. is supported by an FPI-UAM grant (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid). M.M.G.H. and J.I.E.-L. are supported by FPU grants (FPU19/02576 and FPU20/04066, respectively), both from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain

Glycolysis – a key player in the inflammatory response

The inflammatory response involves the activation of several cell types to fight insults caused by a plethora of agents, and to maintain the tissue homoeostasis. On the one hand, cells involved in the pro-inflammatory response, such as inflammatory M1 macrophages, Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes or activated microglia, must rapidly provide energy to fuel inflammation, which is essentially accomplished by glycolysis and high lactate production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells or M2 macrophages, which are involved in immune regulation and resolution of inflammation, preferentially use fatty acid oxidation through the TCA cycle as a main source for energy production. Here, we discuss the impact of glycolytic metabolism at the different steps of the inflammatory response. Finally, we review a wide variety of molecular mechanisms which could explain the relationship between glycolytic metabolites and the pro-inflammatory phenotype, including signalling events, epigenetic remodelling, post-transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications. Inflammatory processes are a common feature of many age-associated diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. The finding that immunometabolism could be a master regulator of inflammation broadens the avenue for treating inflammation-related pathologies through the manipulation of the vascular and immune cell metabolism.European Research Council (ERC-2016-StG 715322-EndoMitTalk), and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/188, PI19/855), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). GS-H was funded by a FPIUAM grant (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid). MMGH was funded by ERC. EG-R was funded by a Juan de la Cierva grant (IJC2018-036850-I; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid). JO was funded by a Juan de la Cierva grant (FJCI-2017-33855; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)

The role of T cells in age-related diseases

Age-related T cell dysfunction can lead to failure of immune tolerance mechanisms, resulting in aberrant T cell-driven cytokine and cytotoxic responses that ultimately cause tissue damage. In this Review, we discuss the role of T cells in the onset and progression of age-associated conditions, focusing on cardiovascular disorders, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and defective tissue repair and regeneration. We present different mechanisms by which T cells contribute to inflammageing and might act as modulators of age-associated diseases, including through enhanced pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity, defective clearance of senescent cells or regulation of the gut microbiota. Finally, we propose that ‘resetting’ immune system tolerance or targeting pathogenic T cells could open up new therapeutic opportunities to boost resilience to age-related diseases.Comisión EuropeaConsejo Europeo de InvestigaciónInstituto de Salud Carlos III/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo RegionalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridPrograma Miguel ServetDepto. de Genética, Fisiología y MicrobiologíaFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEpu