Proposal of model of current consumption variation of an MSIP due to the effect of imbalance due to the presence of surface cracks in the rotor

[EN] This article proposes a model to characterize the current variation in terminals of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (MSIP) as a result of the imbalance effect on the rotor due to a surface crack. The imbalance in the rotor is modeled using the Laval equations with the effect of the surface crack. A model of the air gap variation effect is proposed based on this imbalance, which causes a variation in the inductances of the MSIP model, which in turn causes a variation in current consumption. With this model it is expected to contribute in the field of determination of  hysical parameters, in this case, cracks or imbalances caused by imperfections that behave as such.[ES] En el presente artículo se propone un modelo para caracterizar las variación de corriente en terminales de un motor síncrono de imanes permanentes (MSIP) como consecuencia del efecto de desbalance en el rotor a causa de una grieta superficial. Se modela el desbalance en el rotor mediante las ecuaciones de Laval con acoplamiento del efecto de la grieta superficial. Se propone un modelo de efecto de variación del entrehierro a partir de este desbalance, lo cual origina una variación en las inductancias del modelo del MSIP, que a su vez ocasionan una variación en el consumo de la corriente. Con este modelo se espera contribuir en el campo de determinación de parámetros físicos, en este caso, grietas o desbalances causados por imperfecciones que se comporten como tal.Este trabajo es desarrollado bajo el programa de Doctorado en Optomecatrónica de la Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo (UPT) en apoyo económico brindado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) mediante la beca número 622392, y publicado gracias a la labor y trabajo de los miembros de la Revista de Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática Industrial (RIAI).Manilla-García, A.; Rivas-Cambero, I.; Guerrero-Rodriguez, NF. (2020). Propuesta de modelo de variación de consumo de corriente de un MSIP por efecto de desbalance por presencia de grietas superficiales en el rotor. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 17(4):424-431. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2020.12200OJS424431174Arana J. L., González J. J., 2011, Mecánica de la fractura, Servicio editorial de la universidad del País Vasco, página. 186.Bachschmid N., Pennacchi P., Tanzi E., 2010, Cracker Rotors, Editorial Springer, pages 109-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01485-7_5Cha Y., Choi W., Büyüköztürk O., Deep Learning‐Based Crack Damage Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Computer Aided Civil and Infraestructure Engineering, First published, 23 March 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12263Dunn M., Carcione A., Blanloeuil P. Veidt M., Critical Aspects of Experimental Damage Detection Methodologies Using Nonlinear Vibro-ultrasonics, Procedia Engineering, Volume 188, 2017, Page 133-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.466.Forth S. C., Newman J. C., Forman R. G., Anomalous Fatigue Crack Growth Data Generated Using the ASTM Standards, Journal of ASTM International, volumen 3, January 2006, https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI13180.Genta G., 2005, Dynamics of Rotating System, editorial Springer, pages 332-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28687-XGinsberg, J.H. Mechanical and Structural Vibration: Theory and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1383673González G. N., De Angelo C. H., Forchetti D. G., Aligia D. A., Diagnostico de fallas en el convertidor del Rotor en Generadores de Inducción con Rotor Bobinado, Revista Iberoamericana de automática e informática industrial, Volumen 15, 2018, páginas 297-308, https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2017.9042.Krause P. C., Wasynczuk O., Sudhoff S. D., 2002, Analisys of electric machinery and drive systems, Editorial Wiley Interscience, pages 109-138. https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470544167Krishnan R., 2010, Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor Drives, Editorial CRC Press, pages 72-105.Manilla-García A., Rivas-Cambero I., Monroy-Anieva J. A., Modelado y análisis de sintonización de velocidad de un MSIP con presencia de fisura mediante algoritmos genéticos, Revista Iberoamericana de automática e informática industrial, https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2018.9767.Xue W., Li Y., Cang S., Jia H.,Wang Z. Chaotic behavior and circuit implementation of a fractional-order permanent magnet synchronous motor model, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 20 de mayo de 2015, pages 2887-2898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2015.05.025.Zerbst U., Madia M., Vormwald M., Beier H.Th., Fatigue strength and fracture mechanics - A general perspective, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Volume 198, July 2018, Page 2-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.030

MAGIC gamma-ray and multi-frequency observations of flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 1510-089 in early 2012

Aims. Amongst more than fifty blazars detected in very high energy (VHE, E> 100 GeV) γ rays, only three belong to the subclass of flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). The detection of FSRQs in the VHE range is challenging, mainly because of their soft spectra in the GeV-TeV regime. MAGIC observed PKS 1510−089 (z = 0.36) starting 2012 February 3 until April 3 during a high activity state in the high energy (HE, E> 100 MeV) γ-ray band observed by AGILE and Fermi. MAGIC observations result in the detection of a source with significance of 6.0 standard deviations (σ). We study the multi-frequency behaviour of the source at the epoch of MAGIC observation, collecting quasi-simultaneous data at radio and optical (GASP-WEBT and F-Gamma collaborations, REM, Steward, Perkins, Liverpool, OVRO, and VLBA telescopes), X-ray (Swift satellite), and HE γ-ray frequencies. Methods. We study the VHE γ-ray emission, together with the multi-frequency light curves, 43 GHz radio maps, and spectral energy distribution (SED) of the source. The quasi-simultaneous multi-frequency SED from the millimetre radio band to VHE γ rays is modelled with a one-zone inverse Compton model. We study two different origins of the seed photons for the inverse Compton scattering, namely the infrared torus and a slow sheath surrounding the jet around the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) core. Results. We find that the VHE γ-ray emission detected from PKS 1510−089 in 2012 February-April agrees with the previous VHE observations of the source from 2009 March-April. We find no statistically significant variability during the MAGIC observations on daily, weekly, or monthly time scales, while the other two known VHE FSRQs (3C 279 and PKS 1222+216) have shown daily scale to sub-hour variability. The γ-ray SED combining AGILE, Fermi and MAGIC data joins smoothly and shows no hint of a break. The multi-frequency light curves suggest a common origin for the millimetre radio and HE γ-ray emission, and the HE γ-ray flaring starts when the new component is ejected from the 43 GHz VLBA core and the studied SED models fit the data well. However, the fast HE γ-ray variability requires that within the modelled large emitting region, more compact regions must exist. We suggest that these observed signatures would be most naturally explained by a turbulent plasma flowing at a relativistic speed down the jet and crossing a standing conical shock

The extreme HBL behaviour of Markarian 501 during 2012

A multiwavelength campaign was organized to take place between March and July of 2012. Excellent temporal coverage was obtained with more than 25 instruments, including the MAGIC, FACT and VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes, the instruments on board the Swift and Fermi spacecraft, and the telescopes operated by the GASP-WEBT collaboration. Mrk 501 showed a very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray flux above 0.2 TeV of $\sim$0.5 times the Crab Nebula flux (CU) for most of the campaign. The highest activity occurred on 2012 June 9, when the VHE flux was $\sim$3 CU, and the peak of the high-energy spectral component was found to be at $\sim$2 TeV. This study reports very hard X-ray spectra, and the hardest VHE spectra measured to date for Mrk 501. The fractional variability was found to increase with energy, with the highest variability occurring at VHE, and a significant correlation between the X-ray and VHE bands. The unprecedentedly hard X-ray and VHE spectra measured imply that their low- and high-energy components peaked above 5 keV and 0.5 TeV, respectively, during a large fraction of the observing campaign, and hence that Mrk 501 behaved like an extreme high-frequency- peaked blazar (EHBL) throughout the 2012 observing season. This suggests that being an EHBL may not be a permanent characteristic of a blazar, but rather a state which may change over time. The one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenario can successfully describe the segments of the SED where most energy is emitted, with a significant correlation between the electron energy density and the VHE gamma-ray activity, suggesting that most of the variability may be explained by the injection of high-energy electrons. The one-zone SSC scenario used reproduces the behaviour seen between the measured X-ray and VHE gamma-ray fluxes, and predicts that the correlation becomes stronger with increasing energy of the X-rays