Property and Empire: The Law of Imperialism in Johnson v. M’Intosh

Chief Justice\u27s Marshall\u27s opinion in Johnson v. M\u27Intosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.)543 (1823) has long been a puzzle, both in its doctrinal structure and in long, strange dicta which are both triumphal and elegiac. In this Essay, I show that the opinion becomes newly intelligible when read in the context of the law and theory of colonialism, concerned, like the case itself, with the expropriation of continents and relations between dominant and subject peoples. I examine several instances where the seeming incoherence of the opinion instead shows its debt to imperial jurisprudence, which rested on a distinction between two bodies of law: one governing relations between civilized nations, the other relations between civilized governments and the imperfect sovereigns of other nations. I then show how Marshall\u27s long dicta reflect the then-prevalent view of the hsitorical progress of societies from hunter-gatherer to commercial orders, with each stage corresponding to a particular set of property institutions.This historical theory lent intelligibility to the legal distinctions between civilized and lesser or imperfect sovereigns by claiming that the latter occupied earlier stages of development and that civilized nations were legally permitted to overrride the property institutions of primitive societies in order to induce progress. The dicta, then, provide the frame for the reasoning of this case, just as the theory of historical progress framed the jurisprudence of colonialisn in general

Stress och stressreaktioner i ambulanssjukvård

Långvarig exponering av stress kan leda till fysiska och psykiska besvär såsom posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Ambulanspersonal utsätts för många stressorer i sin yrkesutövning. Studiens syfte är att belysa faktorer som skapar stress samt hur ambulanspersonal påverkas av densamma. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie där tretton vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes. Resultatet visar att ambulanspersonal upplevde sig ha ett krävande psykiskt och fysiskt arbete. Ärenden som involverade barn, anhöriga eller då personalen kände sig hotad eller otillräcklig var de största stressorerna. Även organisatoriska stressfaktorer påverkade negativt. Personalens reaktioner var påträngande minnen, irritabilitet och distansering. 10-22% uppfyllde kriterierna för PTSD. Låg känsla av sammanhang ökade risken för PTSD. Stöd och förtroende för kollegor, arbetsledning och nära vänner kan mildra stressreaktioner

Impact of referral templates on the quality of referrals from primary to secondary care: a cluster randomised trial

Background: The referral letter is an important document facilitating the transfer of care from a general practitioner (GP) to secondary care. Hospital doctors have often criticised the quality and content of referral letters, and the effectiveness of improvement efforts remains uncertain. Methods: A cluster randomised trial was conducted using referral templates for patients in four diagnostic groups: dyspepsia, suspected colorectal cancer, chest pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The GP surgery was the unit of randomisation. Of the 14 surgeries served by the University Hospital of North Norway Harstad, seven were randomised to the intervention group. Intervention GPs used referral templates soliciting core clinical information when initiating a new referral in one of the four clinical areas. Intermittent surgery visits by study personnel were also carried out. A total of 500 patients were included, with 281 in the intervention and 219 in the control arm. Referral quality scoring was performed by three blinded raters. Data were analysed using multi-level regression modelling. All analyses were conducted on intention-to-treat basis. Results: In the final multilevel model, referrals in the intervention group scored 18 % higher (95 % CI (11 %, 25 %), p Conclusion: In this study, the dissemination of referral templates coupled with intermittent surgery visits produced higher quality referrals. Trial registration: This trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The trial registration number is NCT01470963

Singleshot polychromatic coherent diffractive imaging with a high-order harmonic source

© 2020 Optical Society of America. Users may use, reuse, and build upon the article, or use the article for text or data mining, so long as such uses are for non-commercial purposes and appropriate attribution is maintained. All other rights are reserved.Singleshot polychromatic coherent diffractive imaging is performed with a high-intensity high-order harmonic generation source. The coherence properties are analyzed and several reconstructions show the shot-to-shot fluctuations of the incident beam wavefront. The method is based on a multi-step approach. First, the spectrum is extracted from double-slit diffraction data. The spectrum is used as input to extract the monochromatic sample diffraction pattern, then phase retrieval is performed on the quasi-monochromatic data to obtain the sample’s exit surface wave. Reconstructions based on guided error reduction (ER) and alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) are compared. ADMM allows additional penalty terms to be included in the cost functional to promote sparsity within the reconstruction

S-curse - En fallstudie av Autoliv

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur ett innovationsdrivet företag hanterar en förändring som dess bransch genomgår och framförallt vilka följder detta får. Vårt valda fallföretag är Autoliv, ett företag inom bilsäkerhetsbranschen. Denna uppsats studerar Autoliv Research och dess kontaktytor mot övriga organisationen och dess omvärld. Representanter för dess olika produkter och utvecklingsavdelningarna har intervjuats, men även tidigare anställda, för att få en bättre uppfattning om hur olika fenomen vuxit fram. Företag som väljer att göra en relaterad diversifiering som respons på en förändring på marknaden kan under vissa omständigheter hamna i en identitetskris. Då diversifieringen frambringar parallella innovationsspår måste man isolera de enheter som har mer innovationsinriktad verksamhet, vilka då kräver en annan struktur. De enheter som före diversifieringen var forsknings- och innovationsinriktade tenderar då att bli mer utvecklingsinriktad. Detta kan leda till identitetskris i den enhet som tidigare var innovationsinriktad

Trimethyllysine predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling adults and patients with coronary heart disease

Aims Trimethyllysine (TML) is involved in carnitine synthesis, serves as a precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and is associated with cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). We prospectively examined circulating TML as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling adults and patients with CHD. Methods and results By Cox regression modelling, risk associations were examined in 6393 subjects in the community-based Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). A replication study was conducted among 4117 patients with suspected stable angina pectoris in the Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort (WECAC). During a mean follow-up of 10.5 years in the HUSK-cohort, 884 (13.8%) subjects died, of whom 287 from cardiovascular causes. After multivariable adjustments for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (95% CI)] for all-cause mortality comparing the 4th vs. 1st TML-quartile was 1.66 (1.31–2.10, P < 0.001). Particularly strong associations were observed for cardiovascular mortality [HR (95% CI) 2.04 (1.32–3.15, P = 0.001)]. Corresponding risk-estimates in the WECAC (mean follow-up of 9.8 years) were 1.35 [1.10–1.66, P = 0.004] for all-cause and 1.45 [1.06–1.98, P = 0.02] for cardiovascular mortality. Significant correlations between plasma TML and TMAO were observed in both cohorts (rs ≥ 0.42, P < 0.001); however, additional adjustments for TMAO did not materially influence the risk associations, and no effect modification by TMAO was found. Conclusions Elevated TML-levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality both in subjects with and without established CHD.publishedVersio

Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels do not predict 10-year survival in patients with or without coronary heart disease

Background Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an amine oxide generated by gut microbial metabolism. TMAO may contribute to atherothrombosis and systemic inflammation. However, the prognostic value of circulating TMAO for risk stratification is uncertain. Methods We assessed prospective relationships of plasma TMAO with long-term risk of all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and non-CV mortality in the Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort (WECAC; 4132 patients with suspected coronary artery disease) and the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK; 6393 community-based subjects). Risk associations were examined using Cox regression analyses. Results Mean follow-up was 9.8 and 10.5 years in WECAC and HUSK, respectively. Following adjustments for established CV risk factors and indices of renal function in WECAC, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) per one standard deviation increase in log-transformed plasma TMAO were 1.04 (0.97–1.12), 1.06 (0.95–1.18), and 1.03 (0.93–1.13) for all-cause, CV, and non-CV mortality, respectively. Essentially similar results were obtained in patients with angiographically significant coronary artery disease and patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Corresponding HRs (95% CIs) in the HUSK cohort were 1.03 (0.96–1.10), 1.01 (0.89–1.13), and 1.03 (0.95–1.12) for all-cause-, CV, and non-CV mortality, respectively. Conclusions Circulating TMAO did not predict long-term all-cause, CV, or non-CV mortality in patients with coronary heart disease or in community-based adults. This large study does not support a role of TMAO for patient risk stratification in primary or secondary prevention.publishedVersio

Challenges for 10 nm MOSFET process integration, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2007, nr 2

An overview of critical integration issues for future generation MOSFETs towards 10 nm gate length is presented. Novel materials and innovative structures are discussed. The need for high-k gate dielectrics and a metal gate electrode is discussed. Different techniques for strain-enhanced mobility are discussed. As an example, ultra thin body SOI devices with high mobility SiGe channels are demonstrated

Enhanced metabolism and negative regulation of ER stress support higher erythropoietin production in HEK293 cells

Recombinant protein production can cause severe stress on cellular metabolism, resulting in limited titer and product quality. To investigate cellular and metabolic characteristics associated with these limitations, we compare HEK293 clones producing either erythropoietin (EPO) (secretory) or GFP (non-secretory) protein at different rates. Transcriptomic and functional analyses indicate significantly higher metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation in EPO producers compared with parental and GFP cells. In addition, ribosomal genes exhibit specific expression patterns depending on the recombinant protein and the production rate. In a clone displaying a dramatically increased EPO secretion, we detect higher gene expression related to negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including upregulation of ATF6B, which aids EPO production in a subset of clones by overexpression or small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. Our results offer potential target pathways and genes for further development of the secretory power in mammalian cell factories

Potential Antiviral Options against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

As of June 2020, the number of people infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to skyrocket, with more than 6.7 million cases worldwide. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) has highlighted the need for better control of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, developing novel virus-specific vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 can be time-consuming and costly. Convalescent sera and safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAAs) are readily available treatment options. Here, we developed a neutralization assay using SARS-CoV-2 strain and Vero-E6 cells. We identified the most potent sera from recovered patients for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We also screened 136 safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero-E6 cells and identified nelfinavir, salinomycin, amodiaquine, obatoclax, emetine and homoharringtonine. We found that a combination of orally available virus-directed nelfinavir and host-directed amodiaquine exhibited the highest synergy. Finally, we developed a website to disseminate the knowledge on available and emerging treatments of COVID-19