Arts, Humanities, and Cultural Affairs Act: Section-By-Section Analysis (1976): Report 01

Microsatellite Ae33 sequence of Aphidius erv

C3PO: a Spontaneous and Ephemeral Social Networking Framework for a collaborative Creation and Publishing of Multimedia Contents

International audienceOnline social networks have been adopted by a large part of the population, and have become in few years essential communication means and a source of information for journalists. Nevertheless, these networks have some drawbacks that make people reluctant to use them, such as the impossibility to claim for ownership of data and to avoid commercial analysis of them, or the absence of collaborative tools to produce multimedia contents with a real editorial value. In this paper, we present a new kind of social networks, namely spontaneous and ephemeral social networks (SESNs). SESNs allow people to collaborate spontaneously in the production of multimedia documents so as to cover cultural and sport events

Un outil moléculaire simple et abordable pour identifier les larves de taupins du genre Agriotes

National audienc

Effect of host plant species and insecticides on the evolution of genetic diversity of a crop pest

For agricultural pests capable of attacking different plant species, crop distribution and selection pressure imposed by insecticide use are two key constraints imposed on their evolutionary trajectory. Here, we assessed the contribution of host-based genetic differentiation to the dynamics of resistance alleles to three insecticide modes of action in Myzus persicae. This major aphid pest is infamous for its ability to resist to multiple insecticides. Two distinct samplings were conducted: reference sampling on identified crops and continuous random sampling for 7 years using a suction trap. All aphids were genotyped at 14 microsatellite markers and four insecticide-resistant loci. We analyzed the genetic structure of these populations using an individual-centered approach. Four well-defined genetic clusters were found in the aerial samples, three of which could be linked to specific crops. We found a sharp differentiation between peach and herbaceous individuals. Within the individuals sampled on herbaceous hosts, two distinct genetic clusters were identified, one of which seems to be more strongly associated with tobacco. The fourth group was only found in the aerial samples and display strong genetic difference with other groups. The 4-loci resistance genotypes showed a strong association with the four genetic clusters, indicative of barriers to the spread of insecticide resistances. The 7-year continuous random sampling revealed a rapid turnover in aphid genotypes and associated insecticide resistance patterns. This study highlights the importance of considering landscape-scale population structure to identify the risk of emergence and spread of insecticide resistance for a particular crop

A Link Between Communities of Protective Endosymbionts and Parasitoids of the Pea Aphid Revealed in Unmanipulated Agricultural Systems

International audienceIn the last decade, the influence of microbial symbionts on ecological and physiological traits of their hosts has been increasingly recognized. However, most of these effects have been revealed under laboratory conditions, which oversimplifies the complexity of the factors involved in the dynamics of symbiotic associations in nature. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , forms a complex of plant-adapted biotypes, which strongly differ in the prevalence of their facultative endosymbionts. Some of the facultative endosymbionts of A. pisum have been shown to confer protection against natural enemies, among which Hamiltonella defensa is known to protect its host from parasitoid wasps. Here, we tested under natural conditions whether the endosymbiont communities of different A. pisum biotypes had a protective effect on their hosts and whether endosymbiotic associations and parasitoid communities associated with the pea aphid complex were linked. A space-time monitoring of symbiotic associations, parasitoid pressure and parasitoid communities was carried out in three A. pisum biotypes respectively specialized on Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Pisum sativum (pea), and Trifolium sp. (clover) throughout the whole cropping season. While symbiotic associations, and to a lesser extent, parasitoid communities were stable over time and structured mainly by the A. pisum biotypes, the parasitoid pressure strongly varied during the season and differed among the three biotypes. This suggests a limited influence of parasitoid pressure on the dynamics of facultative endosymbionts at a seasonal scale. However, we found a positive correlation between the α and β diversities of the endosymbiont and parasitoid communities, indicating interactions between these two guilds. Also, we revealed a negative correlation between the prevalence of H. defensa and Fukatsuia symbiotica in co-infection and the intensity of parasitoid pressure in the alfalfa biotype, confirming in field conditions the protective effect of this symbiotic combination

European consumers perception of moderate wine consumption on health

The present study examines the perceptions that French, Italian and Spanish consumers have about the possible health effects of what they consider to be a moderate wine consumption. Furthermore, it identifies whether the following factors positively or negatively influence consumer opinion – wine appreciation, environmental awareness, environmental labels, local legislation and media coverage. Perceptions were identified through an online survey of 1183 respondents. The respondents perceive wine as a rather healthy product if consumed moderately. Wine appreciation positively influences the perception of a healthy effect of moderate wine consumption. French policies advising constraints on wine consumption indirectly influence consumer opinion about the unhealthy effects caused by wine. French and Spanish consumers with high environmental awareness perceive a wine with an eco-label to be healthier than a conventional one

Genomic regions repeatedly involved in divergence among plant-specialized pea aphid biotypes

International audienceUnderstanding the genetic bases of biological diversification is a long-standinggoal in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigate whether replicatedcases of adaptive divergence involve the same genomic regions in the peaaphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, a large complex of genetically differentiated biotypes,each specialized on different species of legumes. A previous studyidentified genomic regions putatively involved in host-plant adaptation and/or reproductive isolation by performing a hierarchical genome scan in threebiotypes. This led to the identification of 11 FST outliers among 390 polymorphicmicrosatellite markers. In this study, the outlier status of these 11loci was assessed in eight biotypes specialized on other host plants. Four ofthe 11 previously identified outliers showed greater genetic differentiationamong these additional biotypes than expected under the null hypothesis ofneutral evolution (a < 0.01). Whether these hotspots of genomic divergenceresult from adaptive events, intrinsic barriers or reduced recombination isdiscussed

Data from: Genomic regions repeatedly involved in divergence among plant-specialized pea aphid biotypes

Understanding the genetic bases of biological diversification is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology. Here we investigate whether replicated cases of adaptive divergence involve the same genomic regions in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, a large complex of genetically differentiated biotypes, each specialized on different species of legumes. A previous study identified genomic regions putatively involved in host-plant adaptation and/or reproductive isolation by performing a hierarchical genome scan in three biotypes. This led to the identification of 11 FST outliers among 390 polymorphic microsatellite markers. In this study, the outlier status of these 11 loci was assessed in eight biotypes specialized on other host plants. Four of the 11 previously identified outliers showed greater genetic differentiation among these additional biotypes than expected under the null hypothesis of neutral evolution (α<0.01). Whether these hotspots of genomic divergence result from adaptive events, intrinsic barriers or reduced recombination is discussed

C3PO: Spontaneous and Ephemeral Social Networks (demo)

International audienceThe C3PO project promotes the development of a new kind of spontaneous and ephemeral social networks dedicated to cultural, festive or sports events. They rely on opportunistic communication networks formed dynamically by mobile devices carried by event attendees. In this paper, we present both the opportunis-tic communication framework we have designed in project C3PO and the Android mobile application we have developed using this framework. We also propose a demonstration, where we will invite conference attendees to use our Android mobile application to cover the CHANTS'15 workshop by exchanging multimedia contents during this event

Host plants and insecticides shape the evolution of genetic and clonal diversity in a major aphid crop pest

International audienceUnderstanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of pesticide resistance at the landscape scale is essential to anticipate the evolution and spread of new resistance phenotypes. In crop mosaics, host plant specialization in pest populations is likely to dampen the spread of pesticide resistance between different crops even in mobile pests such as aphids. Here, we assessed the contribution of host-based genetic differentiation to the dynamics of resistance alleles in Myzus persicae, a major aphid pest which displays several insecticide resistance mechanisms. We obtained a representative sample of aphids from a crop mosaic through a suction trap for 7 years and from various crops as a reference collection. We genotyped these aphids at 14 microsatellite markers and four insecticide-resistant loci, analyzed the genetic structure, and assigned host-based genetic groups from field-collected aphids. Four well-defined genetic clusters were found in aerial samples, three of which with strong association with host-plants. The fourth group was exclusive to aerial samples and highly divergent from the others, suggesting mixture with a closely related taxon of M. persicae associated with unsampled plants. We found a sharp differentiation between individuals from peach and herbaceous plants. Individuals from herbaceous hosts were separated into two genetic clusters, one more strongly associated with tobacco. The 4-loci resistance genotypes showed a strong association with the four genetic clusters, indicative of barriers to the spread of resistance. However, we found a small number of clones with resistant alleles on multiple host-plant species, which may spread insecticide resistance between crops. The 7-year survey revealed a rapid turn-over of aphid genotypes as well as the emergence, frequency increase and persistence of clones with resistance to several families of insecticides. This study highlights the importance of considering landscape-scale population structure to identify the risk of emergence and spread of insecticide resistance for a particular crop