SCN5A mutation status increases the risk of major arrhythmic events in Asian populations with Brugada syndrome: systematic review and meta‐analysis

BackgroundBrugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited arrhythmic disease linked to SCN5A mutations. It is controversial whether SCN5A mutation carriers possess a greater risk of major arrhythmic events (MAE). We examined the association of SCN5A mutations and MAE in BrS patients.MethodsWe comprehensively searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to September 2017. Included studies were published cohort and case–control studies that compared MAE in BrS patients with and without SCN5A mutations. Data from each study were combined using the random‐effects model. Generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird was employed to calculate the risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsSeven studies from March 2002 to October 2017 were included (1,049 BrS subjects). SCN5A mutations were associated with MAE in Asian populations (RR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.37–3.00, p = 0.0004, I2 = 0.0%), patients who were symptomatic (RR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.62–4.36, p = 0.0001, I2 = 23.0%), and individuals with spontaneous type‐1 Brugada pattern (RR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.05–3.23, p = 0.03, I2 = 0.0%).ConclusionsSCN5A mutations in BrS increase the risk of MAE in Asian populations, symptomatic BrS patients, and individuals with spontaneous type‐1 Brugada pattern. Our study suggests that SCN5A mutation status should be an important tool for risk assessment in BrS patients.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146897/1/anec12589_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146897/2/anec12589.pd

Correction to: Usefulness of Genetic Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: an Analysis Using Real-World Data

post-print123 K

Usefulness of genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An analysis using real-world data.

Aims: This study sought to determine the usefulness of genetic testing to predict evolution in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to assess the role of genetic testing in clinical practice. Methods and Results: Genetic results of 100 HCM patients tested for mutations in ≥10 HCM-causing genes were evaluated. Patients were classified as with poor (Group A) or favourable(Group B) clinical course. Forty-five pathogenic mutations (PM) were identified in 28 patients (56%) from Group A and in 23 (46%) from Group B (p=0.317). Only 40 patients (40%) exhibited PM that had been previously reported and only 15 (15%) had PM reported in ≥10 individuals. PM associated with poor prognosis were identified in just 5 patients from Group A (10%). Conclusion: Genetic findings are not useful to predict prognosis in most HCM patients. By contrast, real-world data reinforce the usefulness of genetic testing to provide genetic counselling and to enable cascade genetic screening.pre-print298 K

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: what do we need to know?

AbstractCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a matter of concern worldwide, in particular in the USA. For the analysis of emergence and spread, clear definitions based on epidemiological origin are needed for discrimination between CA-MRSA, healthcare-associated community MRSA, and healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Although its role in pathogenesis is currently under debate, the capability for Panton–Valentine leukocidin formation is associated with the majority of CA-MRSA isolates from North America and from Europe. Most CA-MRSA isolates are attributed to clonal lineages different from HA-MRSA; there are, however, clonal lineages from which both HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA have been reported (e.g. ST1, ST5, ST8, and ST22); CA-MRSA ST8 (USA300), which is most frequent in the USA, has meanwhile been reported from Europe. CA-MRSA ST80 is widely disseminated in Europe; because of its pronounced oxacillin heteroresistance phenotype, cefoxitin-based assays are advisable for reliable detection. So far, CA-MRSA infections seem to be much less frequent in Europe than in the USA, where patients with particular predispositions and low social status are at especial risk

Large Genomic Imbalances in Brugada Syndrome

Purpose Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a form of cardiac arrhythmia which may lead to sudden cardiac death. The recommended genetic testing (direct sequencing of SCN5A) uncovers disease-causing SNVs and/or indels in ~20% of cases. Limited information exists about the frequency of copy number variants (CNVs) in SCN5A in BrS patients, and the role of CNVs in BrS-minor genes is a completely unexplored field. Methods 220 BrS patients with negative genetic results were studied to detect CNVs in SCN5A. 63 cases were also screened for CNVs in BrS-minor genes. Studies were performed by Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification or Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Results The detection rate for CNVs in SCN5A was 0.45% (1/220). The detected imbalance consisted of a duplication from exon 15 to exon 28, and could potentially explain the BrS phenotype. No CNVs were found in BrS-minor genes. Conclusion CNVs in current BrS-related genes are uncommon among BrS patients. However, as these rearrangements may underlie a portion of cases and they undergo unnoticed by traditional sequencing, an appealing alternative to conventional studies in these patients could be targeted NGS, including in a single experiment the study of SNVs, indels and CNVs in all the known BrS-related genes

Sudden Cardiac Death and Copy Number Variants: What Do We Know after 10 Years of Genetic Analysis?

Over the last ten years, analysis of copy number variants has increasingly been applied to the study of arrhythmogenic pathologies associated with sudden death, mainly due to significant advances in the field of massive genetic sequencing. Nevertheless, few published reports have focused on the prevalence of copy number variants associated with sudden cardiac death. As a result, the frequency of these genetic alterations in arrhythmogenic diseases as well as their genetic interpretation and clinical translation has not been established. This review summarizes the current available data concerning copy number variants in sudden cardiac death-related diseases

Natural and Undetermined Sudden Death: Value of Post-Mortem Genetic Investigation

Background: Sudden unexplained death may be the first manifestation of an unknown inherited cardiac disease. Current genetic technologies may enable the unraveling of an etiology and the identification of relatives at risk. The aim of our study was to define the etiology of natural deaths, younger than 50 years of age, and to investigate whether genetic defects associated with cardiac diseases could provide a potential etiology for the unexplained cases. Methods and Findings: Our cohort included a total of 789 consecutive cases (77.19% males) <50 years old (average 38.6±12.2 years old) who died suddenly from non-violent causes. A comprehensive autopsy was performed according to current forensic guidelines. During autopsy a cause of death was identified in most cases (81.1%), mainly due to cardiac alterations (56.87%). In unexplained cases, genetic analysis of the main genes associated with sudden cardiac death was performed using Next Generation Sequencing technology. Genetic analysis was performed in suspected inherited diseases (cardiomyopathy) and in unexplained death, with identification of potentially pathogenic variants in nearly 50% and 40% of samples, respectively. Conclusions: Cardiac disease is the most important cause of sudden death, especially after the age of 40. Close to 10% of cases may remain unexplained after a complete autopsy investigation. Molecular autopsy may provide an explanation for a significant part of these unexplained cases. Identification of genetic variations enables genetic counseling and undertaking of preventive measures in relatives at risk

Additional value of screening for minor genes and copy number variants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent inherited heart disease. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the preferred genetic test, but the diagnostic value of screening for minor and candidate genes, and the role of copy number variants (CNVs) deserves further evaluation. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-seven consecutive unrelated patients with HCM were screened for genetic variants in the 5 most frequent genes (MYBPC3, MYH7, TNNT2, TNNI3 and TPM1) using Sanger sequencing (N = 84) or NGS (N = 303). In the NGS cohort we analyzed 20 additional minor or candidate genes, and applied a proprietary bioinformatics algorithm for detecting CNVs. Additionally, the rate and classification of TTN variants in HCM were compared with 427 patients without structural heart disease. Results: The percentage of patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in the main genes was 33.3%, without significant differences between the Sanger sequencing and NGS cohorts. The screening for 20 additional genes revealed LP variants in ACTC1, MYL2, MYL3, TNNC1, GLA and PRKAG2 in 12 patients. This approach resulted in more inconclusive tests (36.0% vs. 9.6%, p<0.001), mostly due to variants of unknown significance (VUS) in TTN. The detection rate of rare variants in TTN was not significantly different to that found in the group of patients without structural heart disease. In the NGS cohort, 4 patients (1.3%) had pathogenic CNVs: 2 deletions in MYBPC3 and 2 deletions involving the complete coding region of PLN. Conclusions: A small percentage of HCM cases without point mutations in the 5 main genes are explained by P/LP variants in minor or candidate genes and CNVs. Screening for variants in TTN in HCM patients drastically increases the number of inconclusive tests, and shows a rate of VUS that is similar to patients without structural heart disease, suggesting that this gene should not be analyzed for clinical purposes in HCM

Personalized Interpretation and Clinical Translation of Genetic Variants Associated With Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of inherited cardiac diseases characterized by progressive myocardium abnormalities associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction. Massive genetic sequencing technologies allow a comprehensive genetic analysis to unravel the cause of disease. However, most identified genetic variants remain of unknown clinical significance due to incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Therefore, genetic interpretation of variants and translation into clinical practice remain a current challenge. We performed retrospective comprehensive clinical assessment and genetic analysis in six families, four diagnosed with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, and two diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Genetic testing identified three rare variants (two non-sense and one small indel inducing a frameshift), each present in two families. Although each variant is currently classified as pathogenic and the cause of the diagnosed cardiomyopathy, the onset and/or clinical course differed in each patient. New genetic technology allows comprehensive yet cost-effective genetic analysis, although genetic interpretation, and clinical translation of identified variants should be carefully done in each family in a personalized manner

Estratègies de diagnòstic genètic en fetus amb malformacions congènites. Correlació genotip-fenotip

[cat] Les alteracions cromosòmiques constitucionals representen una de les principals causes d’anomalies congènites a la població, i el seu diagnòstic durant l’etapa prenatal és el principal objectiu de la majoria de procediments invasius que es realitzen durant l’embaràs. Actualment, el cariotip convencional és el gold standard del diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal, però els avanços tecnològics dels últims anys han portat al desenvolupament de tècniques de citogenètica molecular que ofereixen característiques molt atractives, la principal de les quals és l’elevada resolució. Donat que el paper que han de tenir aquestes tècniques durant l’etapa prenatal encara no està ben definit, els objectius de la present tesi han estat: a) determinar el potencial diagnòstic i la utilitat del cariotip i les tècniques de citogenètica molecular Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) i Chromosomal Microarray-based Analysis (CMA) en diagnòstic prenatal, especialment per a l’estudi de gestacions amb troballes ecogràfiques; i b) valorar la necessitat de modificar els procediments actuals de diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal. En primer lloc, s’han revisat els resultats dels 29.883 cariotips en líquid amniòtic realitzats entre 1998 i 2009 a l’Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Els resultats obtinguts corroboren que el cariotip és una eina efectiva i robusta per a l’obtenció del cariotip fetal, revelant alteracions cromosòmiques en el 2,9% de les gestacions que es sotmeten a un procediment invasiu. La translucidesa nucal incrementada i les anomalies ecogràfiques destaquen com a indicadors excel•lents d’anomalia cromosòmica. En segon lloc, s’ha avaluat la utilitat de l’MLPA subtelomèrica per a l’estudi de gestacions amb troballes ecogràfiques i cariotip normal. Dels 229 fetus analitzats, 3 presentaven desequilibris subtelomèrics críptics (1,3%). Donat que la freqüència d’aquests desequilibris és baixa, i a més la correlació genotip-fenotip observada és pobra, l’MLPA subtelomèrica no sembla ser una eina crucial per a l’estudi d’aquestes gestacions. D’altra banda, s’ha estudiat la idoneïtat de reemplaçar els estudis de FISH de la regió 22q11.2 per kits d’MLPA dissenyats per a l’estudi d’aquesta regió i altres regions genòmiques associades a cardiopaties. S’han analitzat mitjançant aquests kits 55 gestacions amb troballes cardíaques, cariotip normal i estudi de FISH negatiu per a la microdeleció típica de 22q11.2, i no s’ha detectat cap anomalia. Aquest fet, juntament amb que l’MLPA presenta una taxa de repetició i de no obtenció de resultats superiors a la FISH, i que generalment requereix cultiu cel•lular, indica que la FISH hauria de seguir sent la tècnica d’elecció per a l’estudi de fetus amb troballes cardíaques (enfront l’MLPA). També s’ha volgut determinar la freqüència dels diferents tipus d’alteracions cromosòmiques, tant microscòpiques com críptiques, en fetus amb troballes ecogràfiques cardíaques. L’anàlisi retrospectiu dels resultats obtinguts en el període 2009-2011 a l’Hospital Clínic de Barcelona en aquest grup de gestacions (N=276) ha revelat una freqüència d’anomalies cromosòmiques microscòpiques i casos de Síndrome de la deleció cromosòmica 22q11.2 del 15,9% i 6,4%, respectivament; uns resultats que corroboren la forta associació existent entre troballes ecogràfiques cardíaques i anomalies cromosòmiques. A més, aquesta associació varia significativament en funció del tipus de troballa ecogràfica cardíaca i de la presència d’anomalies extracardíaques. D’altra banda, s’han analitzat mitjançant array CGH 51 fetus amb troballes ecogràfiques cardíaques, cariotip normal, i sense estudi o resultat de FISH negatiu per a la Sd. de la deleció cromosòmica 22q11.2. En aquest grup de gestacions, la taxa de detecció de variants en número de còpia patogèniques ha estat del 2%, i no s’han detectat variants de significat clínic incert. Si en la nostra sèrie de 276 gestacions amb troballes ecogràfiques cardíaques s’hagués utilitzat l’estratègia QF-PCR + CMA enlloc de cariotip, totes les anomalies cromosòmiques amb repercussió clínica clara diagnosticades per citogenètica convencional s’haguessin identificat, s’haguessin detectat els casos de delecions de 22q11.2, i s’hagués incrementat un 2% el nombre de casos diagnosticats. Per tant, aquests resultats mostren el potencial de les plataformes de microarray per al diagnòstic prenatal de fetus amb troballes ecogràfiques cardíaques. Finalment, s’han utilitzat les tècniques de citogenètica molecular FISH, MLPA i/o CMA per a la caracterització de 6 alteracions cromosòmiques visibles al cariotip però de difícil caracterització per citogenètica convencional. En tots els casos, la utilització d’aquestes tècniques ha contribuït a la correcte descripció de l’alteració identificada, posant de manifest la seva utilitat quan s’utilitzen de forma complementària al cariotip. L’elaboració d’aquesta tesi i la literatura recentment publicada evidencien la necessitat d’un nou plantejament dels protocols clínics de diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal, especialment en relació a la utilització de plataformes de microarray en diagnòstic prenatal[eng] Strategies for genetic diagnosis of fetuses with congenital malformations. Genotype-phenotype correlations. Constitutional chromosomal abnormalities represent one of the main causes of congenital abnormalities in the population, and their diagnosis during pregnancy is the main objective of most invasive procedures. Nowadays, conventional karyotyping is the gold standard for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis, but recent technological advances have led to the development of molecular cytogenetic techniques which offer much higher resolution. Since there is still not a consensus on the role of these techniques in prenatal diagnosis, the goals of the present PhD work have been: a) to determine the diagnostic potential and usefulness of karyotype and molecular cytogenetic techniques Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) and Chromosomal Microarray-based Analysis (CMA) in prenatal diagnosis, especially in pregnancies with ultrasound findings; and b) to establish the need for modifications in current prenatal cytogenetic diagnostic protocols. The results obtained: - Corroborate the effectiveness and robustness of conventional karyotyping. The observed detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities in 29,883 consecutive amniotic fluid samples has been 2.9%, with increased nuchal translucency and ultrasound abnormalities being excellent indicators for chromosomal abnormalities. - Suggest that subtelomeric screening in pregnancies with ultrasound findings and normal karyotype is not a crucial tool, as detection rate of subtelomeric imbalances is low (1.3%; 3/229), and genotype-phenotype correlations are poor. - Reveal that FISH of 22q11.2 region is preferred to MLPA kits specific for this chromosome region and other genomic regions previously associated with congenital heart defects. - Reveal a strong association between cardiac ultrasound findings and chromosomal abnormalities, both microscopic and cryptic. In pregnancies with cardiac findings, the observed frequency of microscopic chromosomal abnormalities and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome has been 15.9% (44/276) and 6.4% (5/78), respectively. Moreover, CMA has been performed in 51 fetuses with cardiac ultrasound findings, normal karyotype and negative or no FISH study for chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and the detection rate of pathogenic copy number variants has been 2%, without detection of variants of unknown clinical significance. If in the initial series of 276 pregnancies the strategy QF-PCR + CMA would have been applied; all the chromosomal abnormalities with clear clinical repercussion diagnosed by conventional cytogenetics would have been identified, together with the deletions of 22q11.2 region and an extra 2% of chromosomal abnormalities. These results show the potential of CMA for the prenatal diagnosis of these pregnancies. - Show the usefulness of the molecular cytogenetic techniques FISH, MLPA and CMA when used as a complement to conventional karyotyping in cases with chromosomal abnormalities not accurately characterizable by conventional cytogenetics. Accordingly, the results obtained suggest the need for updating current prenatal cytogenetic diagnostic protocols