Efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas

Objective. To assess the effect of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis ‘binomio ayahuasca’ ingestion in rat hippocampus. Design. Experimental, descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study. Institution. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological material. Rats. Interventions. Orogastric administration of ‘binomio ayahuasca’ in adult Rattus norvegicus albinus Holtzman strain. Seven groups of five animals with an average weight of 240 ± 30 g were administered: (GI) placebo, (GII) 2.5 mL of diazepam (GIII) 0.7 mL of Banisteriopsis caapi solution, (GIV) 0,7 mL of Psychotria viridis solution. Groups GV, GVI and GVII received 0.7 mL, 3.5 mL and 7.0 mL of binomio ayahuasca solution, respectively. Main outcome measures. Macroscopically: reflex movements and motor skills. Microscopically: amount of pyramidal and granulose cells, cell disorganization. Results. The phytochemical screening of the extract showed alkaloids, anthraquinones, triterpenoids and steroids, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. The group administered with 0.7 mL of binomio (GV) had a significant increase in the number of granule cells over pyramidal cells. The group administered with 3.5 mL of binomio (GVI) had less granule cells and large and small pyramidal cells. The group administered with 7.0 mL of binomio (CVII) had cell disorganization, large and small pyramidal cells and an increase in granule cells. Conclusions. The alcoholic extract of binomio ayahuasca showed a neuropathological effect on rat brain hippocampus.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo de cerebro de ratas. Diseño. Estudio experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Institución. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico. Ratas. Intervenciones. Administración del binomio ayahuasca por vía orogástrica a ratas albinas adultas de la especie Rattus novergicus y de cepa Holtzman. A siete grupos de cinco con un peso promedio de 240 ± 30 g se les administró: (GI) blanco, (GII) 2,5 mL diazepam, (GIII) 0,7 mL solución de Banisteriopsis caapi, (GIV) 0,7 mL Psychotria viridis, y a los grupos (GV), (GVI) y (GVII) se administró 0,7 mL, 3,5 mL y 7,0 mL de solución del binomio ayahuasca, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados. Macroscópicos: comportamiento de reflejos y actividad motora. Microscópicos: número de células piramidales y granulosas, y desorganización celular. Resultados. En el tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto se caracterizó presencia de alcaloides, antraquinonas, triterpenoides y esteroides, fenoles, flavonoides y saponinas. Los volúmenes de droga administradas a los grupos de intervención con el binomio en la dosis de 0,7 mL manifestaron significativo aumento en el número de células granulosas sobre las células piramidales; a dosis de 3,5 mL el número de células granulosas fue menor con presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas; y a dosis de 7,0 mL se manifestó desorganización celular, presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas, y aumento de células granulosas. Conclusiones. El extracto alcohólico del binomio ayahuasca presenta efecto neuropatológico en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Evaluación y mejoramiento de la línea de aducción sector Cono Norte usando modelamiento de redes en la ciudad de Tacna - 2021

En la presente tesis “Evaluación y mejoramiento de la línea de aducción sector Cono Norte usando modelamiento de redes en la ciudad de Tacna - 2021”, se planteó evaluar la línea de aducción de agua potable sector Cono Norte existente, la cual abastece a los subsectores 5, 6 y 7 del Cono Norte de la ciudad de Tacna, con base a un estudio de campo que incluye un estudio topográfico, inspección visual y mediciones hidráulicas in situ en conjunto a la normativa peruana de obras de saneamiento del Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones Norma OS-010 Captación y conducción de agua para consumo Humano. Con la información recabada en campo y producto de su procesamiento, se desarrolló el modelamiento de la línea de aducción con el software Epanet y se comparó los parámetros hidráulicos teóricos con los reales obtenidos del estudio de campo. En conclusión, con el estudio de campo realizado se determinaron la presencia de presiones negativas y el fenómeno de cavitación, para lo cual se propuso el cambio del diámetro y material de la tubería (HDPE de 200 mm) de longitud 560 m, además de la mejora de la topografía en el tramo de presiones negativas y la instalación de una tubería paralela (HDPE de 160mm) de longitud 580 m como alternativas eficientes de mejora para la línea de aducción, cumpliendo con los parámetros mínimos de diseño y validadas a través de un juicio de expertos

Efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas

Objective. To assess the effect of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis ‘binomio ayahuasca’ ingestion in rat hippocampus. Design. Experimental, descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study. Institution. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological material. Rats. Interventions. Orogastric administration of ‘binomio ayahuasca’ in adult Rattus norvegicus albinus Holtzman strain. Seven groups of five animals with an average weight of 240 ± 30 g were administered: (GI) placebo, (GII) 2.5 mL of diazepam (GIII) 0.7 mL of Banisteriopsis caapi solution, (GIV) 0,7 mL of Psychotria viridis solution. Groups GV, GVI and GVII received 0.7 mL, 3.5 mL and 7.0 mL of binomio ayahuasca solution, respectively. Main outcome measures. Macroscopically: reflex movements and motor skills. Microscopically: amount of pyramidal and granulose cells, cell disorganization. Results. The phytochemical screening of the extract showed alkaloids, anthraquinones, triterpenoids and steroids, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. The group administered with 0.7 mL of binomio (GV) had a significant increase in the number of granule cells over pyramidal cells. The group administered with 3.5 mL of binomio (GVI) had less granule cells and large and small pyramidal cells. The group administered with 7.0 mL of binomio (CVII) had cell disorganization, large and small pyramidal cells and an increase in granule cells. Conclusions. The alcoholic extract of binomio ayahuasca showed a neuropathological effect on rat brain hippocampus.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo de cerebro de ratas. Diseño. Estudio experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Institución. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico. Ratas. Intervenciones. Administración del binomio ayahuasca por vía orogástrica a ratas albinas adultas de la especie Rattus novergicus y de cepa Holtzman. A siete grupos de cinco con un peso promedio de 240 ± 30 g se les administró: (GI) blanco, (GII) 2,5 mL diazepam, (GIII) 0,7 mL solución de Banisteriopsis caapi, (GIV) 0,7 mL Psychotria viridis, y a los grupos (GV), (GVI) y (GVII) se administró 0,7 mL, 3,5 mL y 7,0 mL de solución del binomio ayahuasca, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados. Macroscópicos: comportamiento de reflejos y actividad motora. Microscópicos: número de células piramidales y granulosas, y desorganización celular. Resultados. En el tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto se caracterizó presencia de alcaloides, antraquinonas, triterpenoides y esteroides, fenoles, flavonoides y saponinas. Los volúmenes de droga administradas a los grupos de intervención con el binomio en la dosis de 0,7 mL manifestaron significativo aumento en el número de células granulosas sobre las células piramidales; a dosis de 3,5 mL el número de células granulosas fue menor con presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas; y a dosis de 7,0 mL se manifestó desorganización celular, presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas, y aumento de células granulosas. Conclusiones. El extracto alcohólico del binomio ayahuasca presenta efecto neuropatológico en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially