Significant Reduction of Antibiotic Use in the Community after a Nationwide Campaign in France, 2002–2007

Didier Guillemot and colleagues describe the evaluation of a nationwide programme in France aimed at decreasing unnecessary outpatient prescriptions for antibiotics. The campaign was successful, particularly in reducing prescriptions for children

WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.Peer reviewe

Efeitos da pressão positiva contínua em vias aéreas sobre os sintomas nasofaríngeos em pacientes com a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono Effects of continuos positive airway pressure on nasal and pharyngeal symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUÇÃO: Sintomas nasofaríngeos são comuns em pacientes com a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) em tratamento com pressão positiva contínua em vias aéreas (CPAP). No entanto, sintomas nasofaríngeos são também comuns em pacientes com SAOS antes do início do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto do tratamento com CPAP nasal sobre os sintomas nasofaríngeos em pacientes com SAOS. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 35 pacientes (28 homens), com idade de 54 ±10 anos portadores de SAOS moderada a grave diagnosticada através de polissonografia. Os sintomas nasofaríngeos (espirros, coriza, prurido, obstrução, sangramento e ressecamento nasal e de garganta) foram quantificados através de questionário aplicado antes e depois de pelo menos 3 meses de tratamento com CPAP nasal. RESULTADOS: O índice de apnéia + hipopnéia foi de 50±25 eventos por hora. Ao menos um sintoma nasofaríngeo estava presente em 26 pacientes (74%) antes do tratamento. A obstrução nasal foi o sintoma mais comum, presente em 18 pacientes (51%). Dentre os pacientes inicialmente assintomáticos (n = 9), 78% apresentaram alguma reação nasofaríngea adversa com o tratamento. Em contraste, nos pacientes inicialmente sintomáticos, houve redução significativa da intensidade da obstrução, do ressecamento nasal e de garganta e do sangramento nasal após o tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas nasofaríngeos são freqüentes em pacientes com SAOS. O uso de CPAP pode tanto desencadear sintomas nasofaríngeos em pacientes assintomáticos, como reduzir sua intensidade nos pacientes com sintomas prévios.<br>BACKGROUND: Nasal and pharyngeal symptoms are common in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, these symptoms are common in OSA patients even before the treatment. OBJECTIVE: Determine the impact of nasal CPAP on nasal and pharyngeal symptoms in OSA patients. METHOD: Thirty-five adult patients (28 males), age 54±10 years old, with OSA diagnosed by polissonography. All patients answered to a questionnaire about the presence and quantification of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, obstruction and bleeding, nasal and pharyngeal dryness. The questionnaire was answered before and after at least three months of CPAP therapy. RESULTS: The apnea-hypopnea index was 50±25 events per hour. Twenty six patients (74%) presented at least one naso-pharingeal symptom before treatment. Nasal obstruction was the most common symptom, being referred by 18 patients (51%). Among the patients that were initially assymptomatic (n=9), 78% developed adverse nasal reactions to CPAP. In contrast, among the patients that presented nasal symptoms before treatment, there was a significant reduction in nasal obstruction, nasal and throat dryness scores as well as nasal bleeding after CPAP therapy. CONCLUSION: Nasal na pharyngeal symptoms are frequent in OSAS patients. CPAP therapy may originate nasal symptoms in patients previously assymptomatic, as well as reduce the intensity of these symptoms in patients that are previously symptomatic

Predictors of Unprotected Sex Among Female Sex Workers in Madagascar: Comparing Semen Biomarkers and Self-Reported Data

Research on the determinants of condom use and condom non-use generally has relied on self-reported data with questionable validity. We identified predictors of recent, unprotected sex among 331 female sex workers in Madagascar using two outcome measures: self-reports of unprotected sex within the past 48 h and detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biological marker of recent semen exposure. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that self-reported unprotected sex was associated with three factors: younger age, having a sipa (emotional partner) in the prior seven days, and no current use of hormonal contraception. The sole factor related to having PSA detected was prevalent chlamydial infection (adjusted odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–10.1). Differences in predictors identified suggest that determinants of unprotected sex, based on self-reported behaviors, might not correlate well with risk of semen exposure. Caution must be taken when interpreting self-reported sexual behavior measures or when adjusting for them in analyses evaluating interventions for the prevention of HIV/STIs