金星超高層における酸素イオン流出とイオン加速メカニズムの研究

要約のみTohoku University寺田直樹課

In search of new facts: interwar Japanese military intelligence activities in the Baltic states and Finland: 1918–1940

This thesis is the world’s first ever academic work clarifying the interwar Japanese military intelligence activities in the Baltic Sea region. These activities can be divided into three periods: 1) Planning and Research (1919–1931), 2) Nurturing Friendships (1932–1937), and 3) Joint Intelligence Operations (1937–1940). In the first period, the Japanese Army estimated the effects of the intelligence activities in the region, mainly against the Soviet Union. There were several Japanese Army officers such as Captain Komatsubara and Major Obata stationed in Tallinn to observe the Soviet political situation. And, as tensions between Japan and the Soviet Union rose in the early 1930s, the Japanese Army formulated a special guideline to initiate the regional intelligence operation in 1932. In this ‘Plan of 1932’, Estonia and Finland were named as potential hubs for Japanese intelligence activities. According to the plan, the Japanese sent student officers to the both countries, and also to Latvia, to nurture friendships with the Japanese Army. In the late 1930s, the situation surrounding the Plan of 1932 saw a drastic change in terms of Japanese diplomatic relations with China and the Soviet Union. The plan became a more aggressive ‘espionage offensive’ against the Soviet Union while promoting Japanese righteousness in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). In 1938, a new guideline for the Japanese Army’s foreign intelligence operations was formulated. In this Plan of 1938, the Japanese attempted to gain a decisive victory against the Soviet Union through various stratagems. However, their intelligence operations, jointly organised by the Estonian and German intelligence services probably failed, and in consequence they did not affect the international political situation of the late 1930s.Tämä opinnäyte on maailman ensimmäinen akateeminen työ, joka selkeyttää Japanin sotienvälisiä sotilastiedustelutoimintaa Itämeren alueella, erityisesti Baltian maissa ja Suomessa. Tuona aikana japanilaisten alueella toiminta voidaan jakaa kolmeen jaksoon: 1) suunnittelu ja tutkimus (1919–1931), 2) ystävyyden vaaliminen (1932–1937) ja 3) yhteiset tiedustelutoimet (1937–1940). Ensimmäisellä ajanjaksolla Japanin armeija arvioi alueen tiedustelutoiminnan vaikutuksia pääasiassa Neuvostoliittoa vastaan. Tallinnaan oli sijoitettu useita Japanin armeijan upseereita, kuten kapteeni Komatsubara ja majuri Obata tarkkailemaan Neuvostoliiton poliittista tilannetta. Ja koska Japanin ja Neuvostoliiton väliset jännitteet olivat kasvaneet 1930-luvun alkupuolella, Japanin armeija laati erityisen ohjeen alueellisen tiedustelutoiminnan aloittamiseksi vuonna 1932. Vuoden 1932 suunnitelmassa Viro ja Suomi nimettiin potentiaalisiksi keskuksiksi Japanin tiedustelutoimintaan. Suunnitelman mukaan japanilaiset lähettivät opiskelijaupseereja molempiin maihin ja myös Latviaan edistämään ystävyyttä Japanin armeijan kanssa. 1930-luvun lopulla vuoden 1932 suunnitelmaan liittyvä tilanne muuttui dramaattisesti Japanin diplomaattisissa suhteissa Kiinan ja Neuvostoliiton kanssa. Suunnitelmasta tuli aggressiivisempi painotuksenaan ”vakoiluhyökkäys” Neuvostoliittoa vastaan edistäen samalla japanilaisten vanhurskautta toisessa Kiinan ja Japanin sodassa (1937–45). Vuonna 1938 laadittiin uusi ohje Japanin armeijan ulkomaan tiedusteluoperaatioille. Japanilaiset yrittivät tässä vuoden 1938 suunnitelmassa saavuttaa ratkaisevan voiton Neuvostoliittoa vastaan eri juonien avulla. Heidän Viron ja Saksan tiedustelupalvelun yhdessä järjestämät tiedusteluoperaatiot kuitenkin ilmeisesti epäonnistuivat, joka seurauksena suunnitelma ei lopulta vaikuttanut 1930-luvun lopun kansainväliseen poliittiseen tilanteeseen

Radiative transfer and the energy equation in SPH simulations of star formation

We introduce and test a new and highly efficient method for treating the thermal and radiative effects influencing the energy equation in SPH simulations of star formation. The method uses the density, temperature and gravitational potential of each particle to estimate a mean optical depth, which then regulates the particle's heating and cooling. The method captures -- at minimal computational cost -- the effects of (i) the rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom of H2, H2 dissociation, H0 ionisation, (ii) opacity changes due to ice mantle melting, sublimation of dust, molecular lines, H-, bound-free and free-free processes and electron scattering; (iv) external irradiation; and (v) thermal inertia. The new algorithm reproduces the results of previous authors and/or known analytic solutions. The computational cost is comparable to a standard SPH simulation with a simple barotropic equation of state. The method is easy to implement, can be applied to both particle- and grid-based codes, and handles optical depths 0<tau<10^{11}.Comment: Submitted to A&A, recommended for publicatio

Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics Simulation of Proto-Stellar Collapse: Two-Component Molecular Outflow

We perform a three-dimensional nested-grid radiation magneto-hydrodynamics (RMHD) simulation with self-gravity to study the early phase of the low-mass star formation process from a rotating molecular cloud core to a first adiabatic core just before the second collapse begins. Radiation transfer is handled with the flux-limited diffusion approximation, operator-splitting and implicit time-integrator. In the RMHD simulation, the outer region of the first core attains a higher entropy and the size of first core is larger than that in the magnetohydrodynamics simulations with the barotropic approximation. Bipolar molecular outflow consisting of two components is driven by magnetic Lorentz force via different mechanisms, and shock heating by the outflow is observed. Using the RMHD simulation we can predict and interpret the observed properties of star-forming clouds, first cores and outflows with millimeter/submillimeter radio interferometers, especially the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

Formation of terrestrial planet cores inside giant planet embryos

Giant planet embryos are believed to be spawned by gravitational instability in massive extended (R ~ 100 AU) protostellar discs. In a recent paper we have shown that dust can sediment inside the embryos, as argued earlier by Boss (1998) in a slightly different model. Here we study numerically the next stage of this process -- the formation of a solid core. If conditions are conducive to solid core formation, the centre of the gas cloud goes through the following sequence of phases: (i) becomes grain (and metal) rich; (ii) forms a terrestrial mass solid core via a rapid collapse driven by self-gravity of the grains; (iii) starts to accrete a gaseous atmosphere when the solid core reaches mass of a few to 10 Earth masses. This sequence of events may build either terrestrial planet cores or metal rich giant planets inside the larger gas reservoir of the giant planet embryo. In a companion Letter we argue that tidal and irradiation effects from the parent star should disrupt the outer metal poor layers of the embryo, releasing nearly "ready to use" planets. We propose this as an alternative way to build planets.Comment: 20 pages, submitted to MNRAS, referred to as "paper II" in serie

Nitrogen and Phosphorous Movement Characteristic in Terrace Paddy Field Using Cascade Irrigation System in West Sumatra, Indonesia

West Sumatra is one of Indonesian rice bowl. The landscape of this province dominated by mountainous area with beautiful terrace paddy field lied from the middle slope to the lowland. The most common rice cultivation management in this area is application of cascade irrigation system with blanked amount of chemical fertilizer application. This study intends to figure out, whether this kind of paddy field management sustains and friendly to the environment or not. The results showed that cascade irrigation system created some discrepancies in suspended solid (SS), dissolve organic matter (DOM) and the nutrient movement characteristic a long the slope. The SS and DOM load and discharge strongly influenced by land preparation activities, while total and available nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) affected by chemical fertilizer application. In the upper part, the amount of chemical fertilizer seemed sufficient, indicated by negative amount of nutrient balance, while lower terrace show some indication of excess nutrient input. To avoid some demerit of cascade irrigation system, chemical fertilizer application should be base on site specific characteristic and taking into account of natural source contribution.Keywords: Cascade irrigation, chemical fertilizer, nutrient balance, terrace paddy fiel

Heart Mountain [Wyoming] Reports

https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jacoby-nisei/1035/thumbnail.jp

Assessment Erosion 3D Hazard with USLE and Surfer Tool: A Case Study of Sumani Watershed in West Sumatra Indonesia

Quantitative evaluation of soil erosion rate is an important basic to investigate and improve land use system, which has not been sufficiently conducted in Indonesia.  The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Erosion Three Dimension (E3D) in Surfer were used to identify characteristic of dominant erosion factors in Sumani Watershed in West Sumatra, Indonesia using data soil survey and monitoring sediment yield in outlet watershed.  Climatology data from three stations were used to calculate Rainfall erosivity (R) factor. As many as101 sampling sites were used to investigate soil erodibility (K-factor) with physico-chemical laboratory analysis. Digital elevation model (DEM) of Sumani Watershed was used to calculate slope length and Steepness (LS-factor). Landsat TM imagery and field survey were used to determine crop management (C-factor) and conservation practices (P-factor). Calculating soil loss and map of USLE factor were determined by Kriging method in Surfer 9. Sumani Watershed had erosion hazard in criteria as: severe to extreme severe (26.23%), moderate (24.59%) and very low to low (49.18%).  Annual average soil loss for Sumani watershed was 76.70 Mg ha-1 y-1 in 2011. Upland area was designated as having a severe to extreme severe erosion hazard compared to lowland which was designated  as having very less to moderate.  On the other land, soil eroded from upland were deposited in lowland. These results were verified by comparing one year’s sediment yield observation on the outlet of the watershed. Land use (C-factor), rainfall erosivity (R- factor), soil erodibility (K-factor), slope length and steepness (LS-factor) were dominant factors that affected soil erosion. Traditional soil conservation practices were applied by farmer for a long time such as terrace in Sawah.  The USLE model in Surfer was used to identify specific regions susceptible to soil erosion by water and was also applied to identify suitable sites to conduct soil conservation planning in Sumani Watershed.[How to Cite : Aflizar, R Afrizal, T Masunaga. 2013. Assessment Erosion 3D Hazard with USLE and Surfer Tool: A Case Study of Sumani Watershed in West Sumatra Indonesia. J Trop Soils, 18 (1): 81-92. doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.81][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.81