Das racionalidades da história: o Império do Brasil em perspectiva teórica

The main purpose of these notes is to analyze the theoretical instruments and model used in Ricardo Salles' article regarding its application to a specific process: the formation and consolidation of the Brazilian Imperial State and the foundations of its power in the Nineteenth Century.O objetivo principal desses comentários é analisar o modelo e o instrumental teórico utilizado no artigo apresentado por Ricardo Salles no que concerne à sua aplicação a um processo específico, a formação e consolidação do estado imperial brasileiro e suas bases de poder no século XIX

Contribuciones para la traducción y validación de la escala Adapted Illness Intrusive-ness Ratings en el contexto portugués

Enquadramento: A adaptação e validação da escala Adapted Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale é um estudo de tradução e medição das suas propriedades psicométricas, permitindo avaliar a sua validade e confiabilidade. Procedemos à sua adaptação e validação devido ao facto de não ter sido ainda realizado no contexto português. Objetivos: Tradução e validação da escala. Metodologia: O instrumento foi aplicado a uma amostra de conveniência de 271 pessoas com doença crónica, comidades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 65 anos residentes em Lisboa. Para avaliar as suas propriedades psicométricas recorreu-se a análise fatorial exploratória. Confirmou-se o modelo proposto pelo autor através da análise fatorial confirmatória. Resultados: Da análise fatorial com rotação Varimax resultaram 3 dimensões (Atividades Instrumentais, Intimidade, Relacionamento e Desenvolvimento Pessoal) explicando 73,24% da variância total. A escala revelou uma consistência interna global de 0,92. Conclusão: A escala mostrou ser um instrumento fiável, válido e útil para medir a perceção da interferência da doença crónica na vida das pessoas.Background: The Adapted Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale was adapted and validated for the Portuguese context. Following the process of translation, its psychometric properties were measured with the purpose of assessing its validity and reliability. Objectives: Translation and validation of the scale. Methodology: The instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 271 people with chronic illness, aged 18-65 years, and living in Lisbon. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to assess its psychometric properties. The model proposed by the author was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The factor analysis with Varimax rotation revealed three dimensions (Instrumental Activities, Intimacy, Relationships and Personal Development), which explained 73.24% of total variance. The scale showed an overall internal consistency of 0.92. Conclusion: The scale proved to be a reliable, valid, and useful tool to measure the perceived interference of chronic disease in people’s lives.Marco contextual: La adaptación y validación de la escala Adapted Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale es un estudio de traducción y medición de sus propiedades psicométricas, lo que permite evaluar su validez y fiabilidad. Se ha procedido a su adaptación y validación debido a que todavía no se había realizado en el contexto portugués. Objetivos: Traducción y validación de la escala. Metodología: El instrumento se aplicó a una muestra de conveniencia de 271 personas con enfermedad crónica, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 65 años y residentes de Lisboa. Para evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas se recurrió al análisis factorial exploratorio. Se confirmó el modelo propuesto por el autor a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: Del análisis factorial con rotación Varimax surgieron 3 dimensiones (Actividades Instrumentales, Intimidad, Relación y Desarrollo), lo que explica el 73,24 % de la varianza total. La escala reveló una consistencia interna global de 0,92. Conclusión: La escala mostró que es un instrumento fiable, válido y útil para medir la percepción de la interferencia de la enfermedad crónica en la vida de las personas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of realistic simulation as an educational tool in the academic and professional contexts of nursing

Nursing education and training based on content and technicality has undergone a process over the years mainly with the proposal of national curriculum guidelines to implement changes in the curriculum and the insertion of new teaching methodologies by educational institutions. Thus, realistic simulation is born with the proposal to actively teach students and promote the development of numerous skills and competences. Objective: to analyze evidence of the use and effectiveness of realistic simulation as an active method of teaching and learning in nursing in the academic and professional context. Methodology: Integrative review, carried out on the databases: Cochrane, ERIC, Medline, Science Direct and PubMed. The descriptors were selected based on the list of Health Sciences Descriptors - DeCS / MeSH were: Nursing, Active learning, simulation training, matching the search terms, using the Boolean operator AND. Results: The final sample resulted in 37 articles. It was possible to observe that the simulation helps in critical thinking, reasoning, clinical judgment, leadership, autonomy and decision-making favoring patient care and that it can be performed in different formats, such as virtual simulation, clinical case simulators, simulation with games and room simulation with simulated scenario. The introduction of this methodology in educational institutions ended up being a limitation found, in addition to the need for technologies and training for teachers. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it is concluded that realistic simulation is a method capable of preparing students and professionals to meet health needs

A INFLUÊNCIA DO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO SOBRE A OBESIDADE INFANTIL

A obesidade infantil é um dos problemas de saúde pública que mais cresce na atualidade e mostra-se ligada a fatores genéticos, ambientais e psicológicos. Apesar de não haver comprovação na literatura, estudos evidenciam que o aleitamento materno pode ser um dos fatores protetores contra o excesso de peso em crianças. O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura foi analisar a forma com que a amamentação pode estabelecer um efeito protetor contra o risco de sobrepeso e obesidade infantil. A metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa no banco de dados da Scielo, Google Acadêmico e MedLine. Na maioria das pesquisas realizadas sobre o Aleitamento Materno (AM) e o Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME), evidenciou-se uma associação positiva desses como fator preventivo para obesidade. Isso se deve as propriedades únicas do leite humano que contém todos os nutrientes necessários para os desenvolvimento e crescimento dos lactentes, sem que haja necessidade de introdução de alimentos complementares até os seis meses de idade. E, além disso, também apresenta substâncias capazes de diminuir a susceptibilidade a infecções, alergias e ao surgimento de doenças como obesidade e diabetes mellitus. Conclui-se, portanto, que são necessários mais estudos a respeito desse assunto, uma vez que o efeito protetor do aleitamento materno apresenta plausibilidade biológica, principalmente no que se refere à prevenção do excesso de peso infantil

Characterization of Chronic Cutaneous Lesions from TNF-Receptor-1-Deficient Mice Infected by Leishmania major

Leishmania major-infected TNF receptor 1 deficient (TNFR1 KO) mice resolve parasitism but fail to resolve lesions, while wild-type mice completely heal. We investigated the cell composition, cytokine production, and apoptosis in lesions from L. major-infected TNFR1 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Chronic lesions from L. major-infected TNFR1 KO mice presented larger number of CD8+ T and Ly6G+ cells. In addition, higher concentrations of mRNA for IFN-γ CCL2 and CCL5, as well as protein, but lower numbers of apoptotic cells, were found in lesions from TNFR1 KO mice than in WT, at late time points of infection. Our studies showed that persistent lesions in L. major-infected TNFR1 KO mice may be mediated by continuous migration of cells to the site of inflammation due to the presence of chemokines and also by lower levels of apoptosis. We suggest that this model has some striking similarities to the mucocutaneous clinical form of leishmaniasis

Nurses in the front line of the combat to Covid-19 in the hospital environment: related experience

Objective: to report nurses experiences at reference hospital in the care of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Method: descriptive study, of the experience report type, about nurses\u27 experience in assisting patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the hospital environment. Results: The nurses\u27 experiences were structured into three categories: Structural and organizational changes in the hospital service; Nurse\u27s work routine on the front line in the respiratory area; Main difficulties for nurses in caring for patients in the respiratory area and experienced opportunities. The positive aspects identified were participation in training and support for newly hired professionals. Conclusion: the COVID-19 pandemic changed economic, political, social and health care behavior. In addition, changes in the hospital environment demanded a reorientation of workflows, impacting nurses\u27 mental health and suffering

Developing a low cost model for chest drainage simulate training

Objetivo: Descrever a construção de um simulador de baixo custo de drenagem torácica para capacitar a realização deste procedimento. Métodos: A concepção do modelo se deu em 2014 por integrantes do Programa de Educação Tutorial do curso de Medicina da UNIFOR. A seguir, o modelo foi testado por 10 especialistas e posteriormente aprovado para ser aplicado em quatro edições de um curso teórico-prático de procedimentos invasivos com acadêmicos de Medicina de diferentes universidades. Para avaliar o simulador e o desempenho no seu uso, aplicou-se questionários semiestruturados e checklist. Os dados foram analisados pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v. 22 usando estatística descritiva. Resultados: Usou-se um manequim plástico comercial em que foi realizado um corte de 8x8 cm na região lateral do tórax, correspondente ao local da drenagem. Neste local, foram posicionadas folhas de E.V.A. (simulando pele e músculos intercostais), esponja de estofado (subcutâneo) e folha de PVC (pleura). Na parte interna do manequim foi colocada uma estrutura de madeira contendo duas costelas e, entre elas, um copo plástico recoberto por E.V.A. contendo líquido vermelho (simulando um hemotórax). O custo inicial do modelo completo foi de R$81,00/US$ 21,00. Quando testado por especialistas, todos concordaram que o modelo pode ser usado para o ensino na graduação. Durante o curso de procedimentos invasivos, 129 acadêmicos realizaram o procedimento, em que 64,3% dos alunos inseriram corretamente o dreno e 79,1% conectaram ao sistema de drenagem. Apesar de um percentual de erros importante visto em passos iniciais básicos, os alunos conseguiram executar a técnica proposta de forma suficiente. Conclusão: O simulador de drenagem de tórax mostrou-se ser de fácil acesso e reprodução nas universidades, o que o torna uma ferramenta útil para o ensino.Objective: To describe the construction of a low-cost simulator of chest drainage for the training of undergraduate medical students. Methods: The model was conceived in 2014 by members of the Tutorial Education Program - UNIFOR. It was tested by 10 specialists and approved for application in four editions of a theory and practice course on invasive procedures with medical students from different universities. To evaluate the simulator and its performance, semi-structured questionnaires and checklists were applied. Data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v. 22, using descriptive statistics. Results: A commercial mannequin was used to build the model. An 8 x 8 cm square cut was made in the lateral wall of the chest. Inside this region, EVA sheets (simulating skin and intercostal muscles), foam padding (subcutaneous tissue) and transparent PVC sheet (pleura) were placed. In the inner part of the mannequin, a wooden structure containing two ribs was constructed and a plastic cup containing red-dyed water was placed between the two ribs. The complete model had an initial cost of R$81,00/US$ 21,00. The medical specialists agreed (100%) that it can be used for undergraduate teaching. During the course on invasive procedures, 129 students performed the procedure; 64.3% of them were able to correctly insert the drain and 79.1% connected it to the drainage system. Despite of the high percentage of errors in basic initial steps, the students were able to execute the technique satisfactorily. Conclusion: The low-cost chest drainage simulator was easy to access and to reproduce in universities, which makes it an important tool for teaching

CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+ Expressions in Skin Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania infantum

Background: In canine leishmaniasis (CanL), infection occurs through phlebotomine vectors that inoculate the protozoan Leishmania infantum into the skin that infected macrophages and activated dendritic cells (CD). Dogs with CanL present variable clinical manifestations, being common the presence of cutaneous lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+  associating the skin sentinels cells and to compare the clinical-dermatological manifestations in the skin of dogs naturally infected by L. infantum.Materials, Methods & Results: Dogs infected (n = 22) by L. infantum were divided into asymptomatic group (AD, n = 9), and symptomatic group (SD, n = 13), according criteria based on the presence or absence of skin changes. Dogs non-infected (CD, n = 5) were included as control group. Samples of skin biopsies collected from scapular region were processed by routine histology and labeled by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+, and were described as none, mild, moderate and intense. SD presented keratoconjunctivitis, onychogryphose, lichenification, depigmentation, alopecia, hypotrichosis, erythematous dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerative dermatitis and crusted dermatitis, and the frequency these alterations was expressed as percentage. The results of hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn’s test and expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with values P < 0.05. Leukocytosis (not significant), red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin (P < 0.05), total protein serum (P < 0.05), globulins (P < 0.05), albumin and A/G ratio (P < 0.01) were altered in SD in relation to CD. Cutaneous cellular infiltration, composed by macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils, was observed in CD. There was an increase of expression of the markers in SD when compared to the other groups, as moderate CD68+ expression and L. infantum, and intense CD45+ and E-cadherin+ expressions.Discussion: Cutaneous involvement is very important in CanL, as it corresponds to where is the first interaction between the parasite and the immune system. Dermatological clinical signs, leukocytosis, anemia, globulins levels have been reported for dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Inflammatory infiltrate was distributed at superficial and deep dermis, which was composed by mononuclear cells as macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils. To characterize the immune sentinels cells in the skin it was evaluated CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+ expressions. In syntomatic dogs, our results revelead an increase of expression of these markers. CD45+ is one of the most abundant molecules expressed on the white blood cell surface in various mammals, while CD68+ is a myelomonocytic marker that seems to be retained during monocyte differentiation. In the skin, increased numbers of CD68+ are related to dendritic epidermal cells, which can be expressed as CD45+/CD1a-/HLA-DR+. DCs of the skin, particularly epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), form networks anchored to neighboring keratinocytes via E-cadherin. Thus, CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+ expressions may be related to activation of skin sentinels cells in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Our results indicated that CanL modify the CD45+, CD68+ and E-cadherin+ expressions, which characterize the immune sentinels cells activation that promove the recruitment the cellular infiltrate, which was composed by macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Thus, these informations may contribute to the follow-up of CanL progression in skin