ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI GEN PENYANDI PROTEIN PERMUKAAN VP19 WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) PADA UDANG WINDU (Penaeus monodon FABRICIUS, 1798)

WSSV is one of the common causes of shrimp diseases and the most dangerous shrimp pathogen and give a very bad impact to the shrimp industry in many countries, including Indonesia. Various efforts have done to prevent the disease, like immunostimulatory, probiotics, and vaccine. One of the requirements of making a vaccine is to characterization protein ??? encoding genes. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) envelope protein VP19 gene is widely used because its ability to bind to the surface of shrimp epithelial cells and might promote innate immune recognition of WSSV. Its recombinant protein was expressed in various expression systems and used as recombinant vaccine or immunostimulant to increase shrimp survival against WSSV. \ud This study aimed to isolation and characterization of envelope protein VP19 ??? encoding gene of WSSV using WSSV infected Black Tiger Shrimp sample from Takalar. VP 19 was isolated using PCR method with VP 19-F and VP19-R primers. Furthermore, sample was sequenced and analysis of sequences was conducted using GENETYX version 7 software and BLAST-N (basic local alignment search tool-nucleotide) program to determine the similarity sequences generated with existing sequences in the Gene Bank.\ud The results of sequence analysis showed that the length of DNA fragment obtained is 386 bp with homology between samples obtained is about 97% until 100% and have proximity to China under accession code AY245790.1.\ud WSSV merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit udang yang umum dan merupakan pathogen yang paling serius menyerang udang windu dan telah menghancurkan industri udang windu di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Berbagai upaya penanggulangan telah dilakukan untuk pencegahan penyakit tersebut, seperti immunostimulan, probiotik, dan pemberian vaksin. Salah satu syarat pembuatan vaksin adalah mengkarakterisasi gen-gen penyandi protein. Protein dari WSSV dalam hal ini Viral Protein dari permukaan nukleokapsid yang mengandung DNA genom double-stranded. Viral protein-19 (VP19) diketahui terlibat dalam infeksi sistemik pada udang dan dapat menstimulasi munculnya sistem kekebalan pada udang windu sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai vaksin rekombinan maupun imunostimulan.\ud Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen penyandi protein permukaan VP19 WSSV menggunakan udang windu yang terjangkit WSSV asal Takalar. VP 19 diisolasi dengan menggunakan metode DTAB-CTAB dengan primer VP19-F dan VP19-R. Sampel kemudian disekuensing dan analisis sekuen dilakukan dengan menggunakan software GENETYX versi 7 dan program BLAST-N (basic local alignmen search tool-nucleotide) untuk mengetahui kemiripan (similaritas) sekuen yang dihasilkan dengan sekuen yang telah ada di dalam Bank Gen. \ud Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panjang fragmen DNA yang diperoleh adalah 386 bp dengan homologi antar sampel yang diperoleh berkisar 97% hingga 100% dan memiliki kedekatan dengan negara China dengan kode aksesi AY245790.1

Aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor em escolares de sete a 15 anos

Os benefícios do desenvolvimento da aptidão física sobre a saúde estão bem evidenciados na literatura científica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor de crianças e adolescentes e examinar as diferenças de acordo com sexo, idade, tipo de escola (pública ou privada) e região geográfi ca da escola (urbana ou rural). Uma bateria de cinco testes motores foi aplicada a 526 alunos entre sete e 15 anos do ensino fundamental de Rio Grande, RS: salto em distância parado, arremesso de “medicineball”, barra modifi cada, corrida de 20 metros e quadrado. Os resultados apontam que o desempenho em todos os testes foi superior para os rapazes e aumentou diretamente com a faixa etária. Estes foram os principais preditores da aptidão física dentre as variáveis examinadas. O tipo de escola só teve infl uência sobre o desempenho no teste de arremesso de “medicine-ball”, em que alunos da rede privada obtiveram valores médios maiores. Escolares da zona urbana atingiram um melhor desempenho em todos os testes, exceto no teste de barra modifi cada (sem diferença por região geográfica). A realização de pesquisas com o mesmo enfoque em outras regiões do Brasil permitirá explorar a consistência destes achados e compreender possíveis diferenças.There is strong evidence regarding the benefi ts of physical fi tness development upon health. The aim of this study was to describe the physical fi tness related to motor performance in children and adolescents, and to examine if there are differences according to sex, age, type of school (public or private) and geographic region (urban or rural). A battery comprising of fi ve motor tests were administered to 526 students aged seven to 15 years from elementary schools of Rio Grande, Brazil: stationary long jump, medicine-ball throw, modifi ed pull-up, 20-meter run and 4-meter shuttle-run. The results indicate that the performance in all tests were higher among boys and increased directly with age group. These two factors (sex and age) were the main predictors of physical fi tness amongst the investigated variables. Type of school infl uenced only the performance in the medicine-ball throw, being higher for students from private schools. Students from urban zone achieved a better performance in all tests, except in the modifi ed pull-up, in which there was no difference between geographic regions. The development of researches with the same approach in other Brazilian regions will allow evaluating the consistency of these fi ndings and understanding possible differences

Obesidade e sobrepeso em adolescentes: relação com atividade física, aptidão física, maturação biológica e "status" socioeconômico Obesity and overweight in adolescents: relationship among physical activity, physical fitness, biological maturity and socioeconomic status

Este estudo relaciona atividade física (AF), aptidão física (AptF), maturação biológica e "status" socioe-conômico (ESE) com as prevalências de risco ponderal de adolescentes. Foi desenvolvido no Concelho de Santo Tirso, região norte de Portugal e amostrou 961 alunos (463 meninos e 498 meninas) com idades variando entre os 11 e os 18 anos. O índice de massa corporal foi utilizado para estabelecer o "status" ponderal com base nos pontos de corte propostos por COLE et al. A AF foi avaliada através do questionário de Baecke e a AptF com quatro testes da bateria Fitnessgram. O ESE foi estimado a partir do acesso aos escalões atribuídos pela Ação Social Escolar e a maturação biológica a partir do "offset" maturacional. A análise estatística foi efetuada nos "softwares" Pepi versão 4.0 e SPSS 18.0. O nível de significância foi mantido em 5%. Seis por cento dos alunos eram obesos e 19,5% tinham sobrepeso; meninos e meninas têm prevalências semelhantes de sobrepeso e obesidade. Os níveis médios de AF foram baixos a moderados independentemente do sexo ou "status" ponderal. Os meninos eram mais ativos que as meninas (p < 0,001), mas não se registraram diferenças significativas entre os alunos com obesidade e sobrepeso e os normoponderais. Na AptF, um número superior a 50%, foi considerado inapto, i.e, não obtiveram taxas de sucesso em todos os testes. Os alunos com sobrepeso e obesidade foram mais inaptos. Alunos com "offset" maturacional mais avançado e os mais novos tinham mais chances de ter sobrepeso e obesidade, mas não houve relação significativa entre o ESE e o "status" ponderal. Concluímos que os jovens Tirsenses apresentam prevalências de obesidade e sobrepeso elevadas, são relativamente pouco ativos e, em grande medida, fisicamente inaptos.<br>The aim of this study was to relate physical activity, physical fitness, maturation and socioeconomic status with the prevalence of ponderal risk in adolescents. This was a transversal study made in the Council of Santo Tirso in the north of Portugal. The sample consisted of 961students (463 boys and 498 girls), aged 11 to 18. Body mass index was used to establish ponderal status based on the cut points from COLE et al. Physical activity was evaluated by Baecke's questionnaire and physical fitness with four tests from Fitnessgram battery. Socioeconomic status was ranked according to the grades assigned by state school subsidies, while biological maturation estimation was based on maturational offset. Software programs Pepi version 4.0 and SPSS 18.0 were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was kept in 5%. Six percent of the target students were obese and 19.5% had overweight. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were similar between genders. The medium levels of physical activity were low or moderate, independent of gender or ponderal status. Boys were more active than girls (p < 0.001) but no significant differences were found between the students with obesity and overweight and normoponderal ones. On what concerns physical fitness, a high percentage of students (above 50%) were considered inapt and failed the tests. Students suffering from overweight and obesity were clearly more inapt. Students with more advanced maturational offset as well as the youngest ones were more likely to present overweight and obesity but no meaningful relationship was found between socioeconomic position and ponderal status. We concluded that young students from S. Tirso had high prevalences of obesity and overweight, were relatively inactive and largely physically unfit

A piscicultura e o ambiente: o uso de alimentos ambientalmente corretos em piscicultura Fish farming and the environment: the use of environmental friendly feeds in fish culture

Embora a ciência da nutrição de peixes esteja longe de estabelecer um padrão geral de exigências nutricionais, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de alimentos de baixo impacto poluente há muito faz parte da agenda das comunidades científica e empresarial internacional da aqüicultura. Não só é absolutamente possível formular alimentos ambientalmente corretos, como é necessário modelar a formulação destes alimentos. Porém, é necessária absoluta acurácia para atender formulações espécie-específicas, considerando-se as interações da biologia e fisiologia nutricional das espécies com os alimentos e com as variações abióticas do meio. O conhecimento disponível sobre as mais de 200 espécies de peixe produzidas comercialmente no mundo é ainda incipiente e os sistemas de produção de peixe, nos diferentes regimes de exploração, estão implantados em todas as condições ecológicas possíveis. Neste cenário, produzir rações ambientalmente corretas é, senão impossível, pelo menos muito difícil e depende da ação coordenada e positiva de produtores, indústria da alimentação, agências regulatórias, e instituições de ensino e pesquisa para definir os parâmetros necessários à consecução deste objetivo.<br>Although fish nutrition science is far from establishing general standards of nutritional requirements, the need for developing low impact feeds has long been included in the agenda of aquaculture's international scientific and business communities of. Not only is absolutely possible to formulate environmental friendly feeds, as it is necessary modeling the formulation of these feeds. However, it is necessary higher accuracy to develop species-specific formulations, considering interactions of the biology and nutritional physiology of the species with the feedstuffs and variations of abiotic environment. The knowledge on more than 200 species of commercially farmed fish is still incipient and fish production systems, in their most varied farming conditions, are set up in every possible ecological conditions. In this scenario, producing environmental friendly feeds is if not impossible, at least very, very difficult, depending on coordinated and positive action of producers, industry, regulatory agencies, and institutions of higher education and research to define the parameters needed to achieve this goal