2,470 research outputs found
Control of Single Molecule Fluorescence Dynamics by Stimulated Emission Depletion
The feasibility of manipulating the single molecule absorption-emission cycle using picosecond stimulated emission depletion (STED) is investigated using a stochastic computer simulation. In the simulation the molecule is subjected to repeated excitation and depletion events using time delayed pairs of excitation (PUMP) and depletion (DUMP) pulses derived from a high repetition rate pulsed laser system. The model is used to demonstrate that a significant and even substantial reduction in the occurrence of 'dark states' in the fluorescence emission can be achieved using stimulated emission depletion. Variation in the PUMP-DUMP window allows precise control of the fluorescence yield with substantial increases in the fluorescence intensity observed at early PUMP-DUMP delays
Glypican-1, phosphacan/receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase-ζ/β and its ligand, tenascin-C, are expressed by neural stem cells and neural cells derived from embryonic stem cells
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
phosphacan/RPTP (receptor protein-tyrosine
phosphatase)-ζ/β and the extracellular matrix protein
tenascin-C were all found to be expressed by neural stem cells and by neural
cells derived from them. Expression of proteoglycans and tenascin-C increased
after retinoic acid induction of SSEA1-positive ES (embryonic stem) cells to
nestin-positive neural stem cells, and after neural differentiation,
proteoglycans and tenascin-C are expressed by both neurons and astrocytes, where
they surround cell bodies and processes and in certain cases show distinctive
expression patterns. With the exception of tenascin-C (whose expression may
decrease somewhat), expression levels do not change noticeably during the
following 2 weeks in culture. The significant expression, by neural stem cells
and neurons and astrocytes derived from them, of two major heparan sulfate and
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of nervous tissue and of tenascin-C, a
high-affinity ligand of phosphacan/RPTP-ζ/β, indicates
that an understanding of their specific functional roles in stem cell
neurobiology will be important for the therapeutic application of this new
technology in facilitating nervous tissue repair and regeneration
Donor/Acceptor Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers for Realising a Multi-Redox-State Surface
Mixed molecular self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, based on two types of electroactive molecules, that is, electron-donor (ferrocene) and electron-acceptor (anthraquinone) molecules, are prepared as an approach to realise surfaces exhibiting multiple accessible redox states. The SAMs are investigated in different electrolyte media. The nature of these media has a strong impact on the types of redox processes that take place and on the redox potentials. Under optimised conditions, surfaces with three redox states are achieved. Such states are accessible in a relatively narrow potential window in which the SAMs on gold are stable. This communication elucidates the key challenges in fabricating bicomponent SAMs as electrochemical switches.We acknowledge the financial support of the EU projects ERC StG
2012-306826 e-GAMES, ITN iSwitch (GA no. 642196) CIG (PCIG10-
GA-2011-303989), ACMOL (GA no. 618082), the Networking Research
Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
(CIBER-BBN), the DGI (Spain) with project BE-WELL CTQ2013-
40480-R and the Generalitat de Catalunya with project 2014-
SGR-17. The authors also acknowledge financial support from
the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through
the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D
(SEV-2015-0496). N.C acknowledges the RyC Program. J.C-M. and
E.M. are enrolled in the Materials Science PhD program of UAB.Peer reviewe
Spatially resolved observations of a split-band coronal type-II radio burst
Context. The origin of coronal type-II radio bursts and of their
band-splitting are still not fully understood. Aims. To make progress in
solving this problem on the basis of one extremely well observed solar eruptive
event. Methods. The relative dynamics of multi-thermal eruptive plasmas,
observed in detail by the SDO/AIA and of the harmonic type-II burst sources,
observed by the NRH at ten frequencies from 445 to 151 MHz, is studied for the
partially behind the limb event on 3 November 2010. Special attention is given
to the band-splitting of the burst. Analysis is supplemented by investigation
of coronal hard X-ray (HXR) sources observed by the RHESSI. Results. It is
found that the flare impulsive phase was accompanied by the formation of a
double coronal HXR source, whose upper part coincided with the hot (T~10 MK)
eruptive plasma blob. The leading edge (LE) of the eruptive plasmas (T~1-2 MK)
moved upward from the flare region with the speed of v=900-1400 km/s. The type
II burst source initially appeared just above the LE apex and moved with the
same speed and in the same direction. After about 20 s it started to move about
twice faster, but still in the same direction. At any given moment the low
frequency component (LFC) source of the splitted type-II burst was situated
above the high frequency component (HFC) source, which in turn was situated
above the LE. It is also found that at a given frequency the HFC source was
located slightly closer to the photosphere than the LFC source. Conclusions.
The shock wave, which could be responsible for the observed type-II radio
burst, was initially driven by the multi-temperature eruptive plasmas, but
later transformed to a freely propagating blast shock wave. The most preferable
interpretation of the type-II burst splitting is that its LFC was emitted from
the upstream region of the shock, whereas the HFC - from the downstream region.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figure
Novel insights into host-fungal pathogen interactions derived from live-cell imaging
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge funding from the Wellcome Trust (080088, 086827, 075470 and 099215) including a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology 097377 and FP7-2007–2013 grant agreement HEALTH-F2-2010-260338–ALLFUN to NARG.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Vomocytosis: Too Much Booze, Base, or Calcium?
Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic activity and their role in innate immune responses. Macrophages eat non-self particles, via a variety of mechanisms, and typically break down internalized cargo into small macromolecules. However, some pathogenic agents have the ability to evade this endosomal degradation through a nonlytic exocytosis process termed vomocytosis. This phenomenon has been most often studied for Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast that causes roughly 180,000 deaths per year, primarily in immunocompromised (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) patients. Existing dogma purports that vomocytosis involves distinctive cellular pathways and intracellular physicochemical cues in the host cell during phagosomal maturation. Moreover, it has been observed that the immunological state of the individual and macrophage phenotype affect vomocytosis outcomes. Here we compile the current knowledge on the factors (with respect to the phagocytic cell) that promote vomocytosis of C. neoformans from macrophages
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