MEDIDAS Y LÍMITES DE CONTROL DURANTE EL PROCESO DE BENEFICIADO DE Vainilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews

El proceso de beneficiado de vainilla (Vainilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) debe cumplir con requerimientos de calidad e inocuidad, y factores como la actividad de agua (cantidad de agua disponible), contenido de humedad y temperatura a las que se exponen los frutos (“vainas”), determinan la inocuidad de la vainilla, ya se puede favorecer el desarrollo de especies de bacterias y hongos de riesgo potencial para la salud del consumidor

VARIEDAD DE MICROFLORA PRESENTE EN VAINILLA (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) RELACIONADOS CON PROCESOS DE BENEFICIADO

The safety indicators groups, such as Total Aerobic bacterial count (TAB), Total Coliform (TC), and Fungi and Yeast (F&Y), to determine the diversity of enterobacteria present in green (Vv) and cured (Vb) vanilla siliques (Vanilla planifolia) from four curing processes, considering that the microbiological information of the fruits and their relationship with the types of curing is limited. The processes evaluated were: rustic (BR1, BR2), traditional (BT) and semi-technified (BST). The microbiological analyses identified enterobacteria using selective, differential cultivation media, and confirming tests with the VITEK system. With the species identified, the Simpson (D), Shannon-Wiener (H’) and Chao (SChao1) diversity indices were used. The microbe recounts reflected high levels of microbiological contamination; AMB did not present significant differences (p>0.05) in both states of the silique, in contrast with TC whose values decreased notably (?10 UFC/g). The F&Y decreased significantly with curing (101 to 103 UFC/g), except in BR1 fruits. The species isolated with highest frequency in Vv and Vb were E. aerogenes, E. cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while E. coli and Citrobacter freundii were identified only in Vb. The D, H and SChao1 indices reflected a higher diversity in the BR1 and BR2 processes. The results obtained are focused on the design of preventive actions for the safety of vanilla curing process in vanilla curing.Se evaluaron grupos indicadores de inocuidad tales como: Bacterias Mesófilas Aerobias (BMA), Coliformes Totales (CT) y Hongos y Levaduras (HyL) para determinar la diversidad de enterobacterias presentes en silicuas verdes (Vv) y beneficiadas (Vb) de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) provenientes de cuatro procesos de beneficiado, considerando que la información microbiológica de los frutos y su relación con tipos de beneficiado es limitada. Los procesos evaluados fueron: rústico (BR1, BR2), tradicional (BT) y semitecnificado (BST). Los análisis microbiológicos identificaron enterobacterias utilizando medios de cultivo selectivos, diferenciales y pruebas confirmatorias con el sistema VITEK. Con las especies identificadas se calcularon los índices de diversidad Simpson (D), Shannon-Wiener (H’) y Chao (SChao1). Los recuentos microbianos reflejaron altos niveles de contaminación microbiológica, las BMA no presentaron diferencias significativas (P>0.05) en ambos estados de la silicua, a diferencia de CT cuyos valores disminuyeron notablemente (?10 UFC/g). Los H y L se redujeron significativamente con el beneficiado (101 a 103 UFC/g) excepto en frutos de BR1. Las especies aisladas con mayor frecuencia en Vv y Vb fueron E. aerogenes, E. cloacae y Klebsiella pneumoniae; mientras que E. coli y Citrobacter freundii fueron identificadas únicamente en Vb. Los índices D, H y SChao1 reflejaron mayor diversidad en procesos BR1 y BR2. Los resultados obtenidos se enfocan al diseño de acciones preventivas para la inocuidad en el beneficiado de vainilla

Wintertime connections between extreme wind patterns in Spain and large-scale geopotential height field

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Probabilistic and deterministic results of the ANPAF analog model for Spanish wind field estimations

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Variation in the synthesis of microcystin in response to saline and osmotic stress in Microcystis ruginosa PCC7806

The growth and synthesis of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 was studied in cells grown in the presence of NaCl or with sucrose. The saline stress caused a decrease in the transcript levels of mcyD, one of the genes involved in microcystin synthesis, which was correlated with a decrease in the content of microcystin-LR in the cells. The cells treated with sucrose also had reduced levels of mcyD transcripts and contents of microcystin-LR

Development of triamcionolone based lipid nanocapsules as platforms for ocular drug delivery

Purpose Triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) is considered a first-line drug by itself or as a combined treatment of several intraocular diseases such as macular edema, retinal vein thrombosis, uveitis and age-related macular degeneration. The development of TAA dosage forms is limited due to its poor solubility in water and physiologically acceptable solvents. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are biocompatible systems that allow loading both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. LNCs present a versatile composition and application suitable for different routes of administration. The aim of this work was to develop and characterize a novel lipid LNCs formulation containing TAA as drug delivery system. Methods LNCs were prepared in triplicate using an optimized phase inversion-based method described by Heurtault et al., 2002. Due to the poor solubility of TAA in the oily phase of the original formulation, two co-surfactants (captex® 500p -Glyceryl triacetate and oleic acid) in three proportions (20, 30 and 50%) were tested. The average particle size (APS), polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP) and entrapment efficacy (EE) were measured. Results Acceptable results were obtained with a 20% of both co-surfactants. LNCs with captex® 500p leads to about (40±1) nm size nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution (PI less than 0.2), a negative ZP (-1.2±0.7) mV and EE (85.8±0.8) % while LNCs with oleic acid showed an APS of (35.9± 0.6) nm and a PI below 0.1 with a negative ZP (-3.6±0.6) mV and EE (87±2) %. Moreover, both systems were stable for two months. Conclusions LNCs allow encapsulation of TAA and their properties remain constant over long periods of time. Thus, LNCs are promising systems than may be a potential strategy to improve efficacy and decrease side effects of this drug so used in the treatment of intraocular diseases

Study of encapsulation parameters to improve content of lycopene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) powders

The aim was to examine conditions of convective drying and spray-drying to improve preservation of lycopene content in tomatoes. The weight, size, colour, pH and °Brix values were evaluated in fresh fruit (FF) and colour (L, a, b), hue, and chrome indices were analysed from dried tomatoes, too. Tomato paste was dried (40, 50, 60, and 80 °C with times of 540, 390, 270, and 240 min) under convection conditions and pulverized. In the encapsulation treatments core material with tomato powders of 50, 60, and 70%, shell solution of maltodextrin/gum arabic 1:1, flow rate of 4, 6, 9, and 12 ml min–1, and inlet air T of 160, 170, and 180 °C were used. The physicochemical properties of FF corresponded to a degree of ripeness for consumption. The a, a/b, and hue values of dried tomatoes at 50 °C significantly correlated to red colouring and higher lycopene content (47.98±1.49 mg/100 g). The encapsulation with 50% and 60% of tomato powders, 170 °C and 9 ml min–1 treatments increased lycopene contents to 10.41 mg/100 g, 10.20 mg/100 g, and 11.51 mg/100 g, respectively. The results demonstrated that the physicochemical and functional properties were influenced by drying conditions, providing useful information for increasing the stability of lycopene in dried tomatoes

Family involvement in eating disorder treatment among Latinas

Latinos are less likely to seek health care for eating disorders and more likely to drop out of treatment than members of other ethnic groups, highlighting existing challenges to engagement in traditional mental health care. This study explored the role of family in the treatment of adult Latinas with eating disorders through content analysis of family sessions adjunctive to cognitive behavioral therapy. This study yielded insight into the experiences of 10 Latinas with eating disorders (M age = 39.90 years) and 10 relatives (M age = 39.50) from the Promoviendo una Alimentación Saludable trial who were randomly selected to receive six family enhancement sessions. Data from 53 sessions were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach. Family intervention might serve as a valuable adjunct to conventional treatment by positively influencing social, family, and emotional support for Latinas with eating disorders

Editorial: Induced resistance and priming against pests and pathogens

Due to the rapidly changing climate and increasingly restrictive regulations on the use of pesticides, there is an urgent need to discover and develop new and more sustainable strategies of crop protection that meet the present and future needs of a growing world population. Fundamental research on plant-microbe and plant-insect interactions – both pathogenic and beneficial – is of key importance to gain a better molecular, physiological and ecological understanding of these complex interactions and so generate the tools necessary to develop new crop protection strategies. Induced resistance (IR) develops after treatment of plants with pathogens, pests, beneficial microorganisms, chemical agents, physical wounding, or herbivory. Plants exposed to such stimuli increase their level of basal resistance against future attacks compared to non-stimulated plants. IR is often based on a priming of basal defense mechanisms, which enables a faster and/or stronger defense response upon secondary challenge. Given its long-lasting nature and broad-spectrum effectiveness, IR has long been recognized for its value in integrated pest and disease management approaches. This Research Topic highlights the latest advances in research on IR and priming presented at the IOBC-PR-IR2022 conference in Sheffield, UK, from 4th to 7th April 2022, which is organized by the working group of the International Organization for Biological Control. In addition to reviewing the scientific significance of this work, we discuss future challenges in IR research and the potential application of IR in future crop protection strategies

Energy management systems and tertiary regulation in hierarchical control architectures for islanded micro-grids

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