МЕХАНІЗМ КРЕДИТУВАННЯ ПОЗИЧАЛЬНИКІВ БАНКАМИ В СУЧАСНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ РЕАЛІЯХ

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of bank lendingat the present stage. The essence of the concepts «bank credit» and «bank lending» is considered. The interpretation of the loan by domestic scholars and the Law of Ukraine «On Banks and Banking» is analyzed. The essence of financial assets under IAS 32 «Financial Instruments: Presentations» is considered. The stages of the bank’s credit process for providing loans to borrowers are highlighted. The essence of the preliminary, preparatory, main and final stages is investigated. The significance, tasks and main components of the bank’s credit policy are identified. The components of the Regulation on the bank’s credit policy are considered. The requirements to the size of the authorized capital of the bank are analyzed. The reasons for the negative dynamics of the number of commercial banks in Ukraine for the period 2016-2020 are studied. The decrease in the share of the loan portfolio in the structure of gross domestic product from 2016 to 2019 is revealed.The peculiarities of the State Program «Affordable Loans 5-7-9%» aredescribed, which allows to cover current needs and finance large-scaleprojects. The reduction of interest rates on deposits and loans during thethird quarter of 2020 is analyzed. The reasons for the decrease in the share of «non-performing» bank loans in 2020 are described. It is established that the intensification of bank lending is possible by reducing the level of riskiness of investment loans and improving approaches to managing existing risks. The process of minimizing risks involves identifying them, identifying sources and establishing the amount of information needed to assess the level of risk; selection of criteria and determination of methods for assessing their level; analysis of risk management results.In general, the activity of banks and the state of the country’s economyundoubtedly depend on a rational and balanced state policy. Public policyshould be aimed at encouraging investment activity, stimulating investment in the economy, ensuring the stability of the banking sector. The development of the banking sector in general and the stimulation of the bank’s lending operations cannot develop without the lack of political and economic stability in the country.Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей банковскогокредитования на современном этапе. Рассмотрена сущность понятий«банковский кредит» и «банковское кредитование». Выделены этапыкредитного процесса банка для предоставления ссуд заемщикам.Установлены значение, задачи и основные составляющие кредитнойполитики банка. Внимание уделено причинам негативной динамикиколичества коммерческих банков в Украине с 2016 по ноябрь 2020 г.Выявлено снижение доли кредитного портфеля в структуре Валовоговнутреннего продукта с 2016 по 2019 годы. Рассмотрена динамикаструктуры кредитования в разрезе видов деятельности и целейкредитов. Охарактеризованы особенности Государственной программы «Доступные кредиты 5-7-9%», что позволяет покрывать текущие потребности и финансировать масштабные проекты. Проанализировано снижение процентных ставок по депозитам и займам в течение III квартала 2020 года вследствие низкого уровня инфляции, смягчения монетарной политики и обеспечения ликвидности банковских учреждений Национальным банком Украины. Освещены рекомендации Национального банка Украины коммерческим банкам для облегчения финансового бремени для заемщиков и повышения эффективности управления проблемной кредитной задолженностью в связи со значительным падением доходов заемщиков, вызванным режимом изоляции. Указана причина уменьшения доли неработающих банковских кредитов в 2020 г.Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей банківського кредитування на сучасному етапі. Розглянуто сутність понять «банківський кредит» та «банківське кредитування». Виділено етапи кредитного процесу банку для надання позик позичальникам. Ідентифіковано значення, завдання та основні складові кредитної політики банку. Досліджено причини негативної динаміки кількості комерційних банків в Україні за період 2016–2020 рр. Виявлено зниження частки кредитного портфеля у структурі валового внутрішнього продукту з 2016 по 2019 рр. Розглянуто динаміку структури кредитування в розрізі видів діяльності та цілей кредитів. Охарактеризовано особливості Державної програми «Доступні кредити 5-7-9%», що дозволяє покривати поточні потреби та фінансувати масштабні проєкти. Проаналізовано зниження процентних ставок за депозитами та позиками впродовж ІІІ кварталу 2020 р. Висвітлено рекомендації Національного банку України комерційним банкам щодо полегшення фінансового тягаря для позичальників та підвищення ефективності управління проблемною кредитною заборгованістю у зв’язку із значним падінням доходів позичальників, спричиненим режимом ізоляції.Охарактеризовано причини зменшення частки «непрацюючих» банківських кредитів у 2020 р

«Як і Ярослав Дмитрович, я був студентом історичного факультету Львівського державного університету ім. І. Франка …». Листи Ярослава Ісаєвича (1936–2010) до Миколи Ковальського (1929–2006) (“Similar to Yaroslav Dmytrovych, I was a history major at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv…”. Yaroslav Isaievych’s letters (1936–2010) to Mykola Kovalskyi (1929–2006))

Стаття є спробою проаналізувати на основі листування головні аспекти співпраці відомих українських істориків – Миколи Ковальського та Ярослава Ісаєвича. У приватному листуванні найбільш повно і всебічно виявляється людина. Відзначено про знайомство істориків у студентські та аспірантські роки, під час навчання на історичному факультеті Львівського державного університету ім. І. Франка. Контакти учених продовжувалися упродовж усього їх життя. Листи Я. Ісаєвича до М. Ковальського збереглися у домашньому фамільному архіві родини Ковальських, що в Острозі. Листи М. Ковальського до свого колеги зберігаються в архіві Інституту українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, перебувають на стадії опису та фондування, до дослідження не залучені, відносяться до наукової перспективи. Листи є неоціненним джерелом із історії повсякденного життя та діяльності українських істориків другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. З листів постає коло дружніх творчих контактів із зарубіжними ученими. Інформативний потенціал надрукованих листів дозволяє зрозуміти головні організаційні форми та шляхи розвитку вітчизняної історичної науки. Зміст листів дає можливість чітко зрозуміти проблеми й тогочасні перспективи відродження Острозької академії та внесок обидвох учених у цей процес. Важливою складовою листів можна назвати процес книгообміну та інформування про новини виходу у світ наукової продукції історичної тематики. Здійснено публікацію листів Я. Ісаєвича до М. Ковальського. (The article attempts to analyse the main aspects of the collaboration of famous Ukrainian historians Mykola Kovalskyi and Yaroslav Isaievych based on their correspondence with each other. Private letters provide the most comprehensive and complete information on a person. The article discusses the meeting of the historians when they were college students and PhD students, their studies at the Department of Historical Studies in Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. The scholars’ relationship continued throughout their entire lives. Yaroslav Isaievych’s letters to Mykola Kovalskyi have been saved in the Kovalskyi family’s archive in Ostroh. Mykola Kovalskyi’s letters to his colleague are being kept in the archive of Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the NASU; they are currently being catalogued and registered, thus are not included in the study but can be used for future research. Correspondence is an invaluable source of the history of daily lives and activities of Ukrainian historians in the second half of 20th – the beginning of 21st centuries. The letters describe the circle of friendly creative relations with foreign scholars. The informative potential of print letters allows understanding the main organisational forms and developmental directions of the national historical science. The content of the letters allows clearly outlining the problems and Ostroh academy revival prospects at the time as well as the contribution of both scholars to this process. An important element of the letters is the exchanging of books and the informing about new scientific publications on history. The letters of Yaroslav Isaievych’s to Mykola Kovalskyi have been published.

Genetic Deletion of a Single Immunodominant T-cell Response Confers Susceptibility to Virus-induced Demyelination

An important question in neuropathology involves determining the antigens that are targeted during demyelinating disease. Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to T-cell responses that can be protective as well as pathogenic. In the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of demyelination it is known that the immune response to the viral capsid protein 2 (VP2) is critical for disease pathogenesis. This study shows that expressing the whole viral capsid VP2 or the minimal CD8-specific peptide VP2(121-130) as “self” leads to a loss of VP2-specific immune responses. Loss of responsiveness is caused by T cell-specific tolerance, as VP2-specific antibodies are generated in response to infection. More importantly, these mice lose the CD8 T-cell response to the immunodominant peptide VP2(121-130), which is critical for the development of demyelinating disease. The transgenic mice fail to clear the infection and develop chronic demyelinating disease in the spinal cord white matter. These findings demonstrate that T-cell responses can be removed by transgenic expression and that lack of responsiveness alters viral clearance and CNS pathology. This model will be important for understanding the mechanisms involved in antigen-specific T-cell deletion and the contribution of this response to CNS pathology

Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus as a Vaccine Candidate for Immunotherapy

The induction of sterilizing T-cell responses to tumors is a major goal in the development of T-cell vaccines for treating cancer. Although specific components of anti-viral CD8+ immunity are well characterized, we still lack the ability to mimic viral CD8+ T-cell responses in therapeutic settings for treating cancers. Infection with the picornavirus Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces a strong sterilizing CD8+ T-cell response. In the absence of sterilizing immunity, the virus causes a persistent infection. We capitalized on the ability of TMEV to induce strong cellular immunity even under conditions of immune deficiency by modifying the virus to evaluate its potential as a T-cell vaccine. The introduction of defined CD8+ T-cell epitopes into the leader sequence of the TMEV genome generates an attenuated vaccine strain that can efficiently drive CD8+ T-cell responses to the targeted antigen. This virus activates T-cells in a manner that is capable of inducing targeted tissue damage and glucose dysregulation in an adoptive T-cell transfer model of diabetes mellitus. As a therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of established melanoma, epitope-modified TMEV can induce strong cytotoxic T-cell responses and promote infiltration of the T-cells into established tumors, ultimately leading to a delay in tumor growth and improved survival of vaccinated animals. We propose that epitope-modified TMEV is an excellent candidate for further development as a human T-cell vaccine for use in immunotherapy

Prevention of methamphetamine-induced microglial cell death by TNF-α and IL-6 through activation of the JAK-STAT pathway

<p><b>Abstract</b></p> <p><b>Background</b></p> <p>It is well known that methamphetamine (METH) is neurotoxic and recent studies have suggested the involvement of neuroinflammatory processes in brain dysfunction induced by misuse of this drug. Indeed, glial cells seem to be activated in response to METH, but its effects on microglial cells are not fully understood. Moreover, it has been shown that cytokines, which are normally released by activated microglia, may have a dual role in response to brain injury. This led us to study the toxic effect of METH on microglial cells by looking to cell death and alterations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) systems, as well as the role played by these cytokines.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used the N9 microglial cell line, and cell death and proliferation were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, respectively. The TNF-α and IL-6 content was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and changes in TNF receptor 1, IL-6 receptor-alpha, Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels by western blotting. Immunocytochemistry analysis was also performed to evaluate alterations in microglial morphology and in the protein expression of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3).</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>METH induced microglial cell death in a concentration-dependent manner (EC₅₀ = 1 mM), and also led to significant morphological changes and decreased cell proliferation. Additionally, this drug increased TNF-α extracellular and intracellular levels, as well as its receptor protein levels at 1 h, whereas IL-6 and its receptor levels were increased at 24 h post-exposure. However, the endogenous proinflammatory cytokines did not contribute to METH-induced microglial cell death. On the other hand, exogenous low concentrations of TNF-α or IL-6 had a protective effect. Interestingly, we also verified that the anti-apoptotic role of TNF-α was mediated by activation of IL-6 signaling, specifically the janus kinase (JAK)-STAT3 pathway, which in turn induced down-regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>These findings show that TNF-α and IL-6 have a protective role against METH-induced microglial cell death via the IL-6 receptor, specifically through activation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway, with consequent changes in pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins.</p

The early proximal αβ TCR signalosome specifies thymic selection outcome through a quantitative protein interaction network

During αβ T cell development, T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement transduces biochemical signals through a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network that dictates dichotomous cell fate decisions. It remains unclear how signal specificity is communicated, instructing either positive selection to advance cell differentiation or death by negative selection. Early signal discrimination might occur by PPI signatures differing qualitatively (customized, unique PPI combinations for each signal), quantitatively (graded amounts of a single PPI series), or kinetically (speed of PPI pathway progression). Using a novel PPI network analysis, we found that early TCR-proximal signals distinguishing positive from negative selection appeared to be primarily quantitative in nature. Furthermore, the signal intensity of this PPI network was used to find an antigen dose that caused a classic negative selection ligand to induce positive selection of conventional αβ T cells, suggesting that the quantity of TCR triggering was sufficient to program selection outcome. Because previous work had suggested that positive selection might involve a qualitatively unique signal through CD3δ, we reexamined the block in positive selection observed in CD3δ0 mice. We found that CD3δ0 thymocytes were inhibited but capable of signaling positive selection, generating low numbers of MHC-dependent αβ T cells that expressed diverse TCR repertoires and participated in immune responses against infection. We conclude that the major role for CD3δ in positive selection is to quantitatively boost the signal for maximal generation of αβ T cells. Together, these data indicate that a quantitative network signaling mechanism through the early proximal TCR signalosome determines thymic selection outcome

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Теорія та практика менеджменту безпеки

У збірнику подано тези доповідей та виступів учасників Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, присвяченої питанням теорії менеджменту безпеки, безпеки особистості, прикладним аспектам забезпечення соціальної, екологічної, економічної безпеки підприємств, питанням механізму забезпечення соціоекологоекономічної безпеки регіону, проблемам забезпечення національної безпеки

Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an accurate, web-based tool for stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation to facilitate decisions on the potential benefits/risks of anticoagulation, based on mortality, stroke and bleeding risks. DESIGN: The new tool was developed, using stepwise regression, for all and then applied to lower risk patients. C-statistics were compared with CHA2DS2-VASc using 30-fold cross-validation to control for overfitting. External validation was undertaken in an independent dataset, Outcome Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). PARTICIPANTS: Data from 39 898 patients enrolled in the prospective GARFIELD-AF registry provided the basis for deriving and validating an integrated risk tool to predict stroke risk, mortality and bleeding risk. RESULTS: The discriminatory value of the GARFIELD-AF risk model was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc for patients with or without anticoagulation. C-statistics (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and haemorrhagic stroke/major bleeding (treated patients) were: 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78), 0.69 (0.67 to 0.71) and 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69), respectively, for the GARFIELD-AF risk models, and 0.66 (0.64-0.67), 0.64 (0.61-0.66) and 0.64 (0.61-0.68), respectively, for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). In very low to low risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc 0 or 1 (men) and 1 or 2 (women)), the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) scores offered weak discriminatory value for mortality, stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding. C-statistics for the GARFIELD-AF risk tool were 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75), 0.65 (0.56 to 0.73) and 0.60 (0.47 to 0.73) for each end point, respectively, versus 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55), 0.59 (0.50 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). Upon validation in the ORBIT-AF population, C-statistics showed that the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was effective for predicting 1-year all-cause mortality using the full and simplified model for all-cause mortality: C-statistics 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77), respectively, and for predicting for any stroke or systemic embolism over 1 year, C-statistics 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc in predicting stroke and mortality and superior to HAS-BLED for bleeding, overall and in lower risk patients. The GARFIELD-AF tool has the potential for incorporation in routine electronic systems, and for the first time, permits simultaneous evaluation of ischaemic stroke, mortality and bleeding risks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362) and for ORBIT-AF (NCT01165710)