Revisión de la literatura de Implementación de BESS en DER

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) have been a fundamental part of the inclusion of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in the generation and distribution system. This work shows an exhaustive review of the different approaches that the authors have developed when implementing BESS in DER, its scope and applications in different environments, observing that the most covered topics are Smart Grid (SG), Distributed Generation (DG), Energy Storage (ES) and where little information is found on the topics of Electric Vehicles (EV), Advanced Measurement (AM) and Demand Response (DR), this is to give an overview of the progress the authors have had and it allows to know in which field of application less information is found, facilitating the search for new researchers.Los recursos energéticos distribuidos (DER) han sido parte fundamental para la inclusión de los Sistemas de almacenamiento de baterías (BESS) al sistema de generación y distribución. Este trabajo muestra una revisión exhaustiva de los diferentes enfoques que han desarrollado los autores al implementar BESS en DER sus alcances y aplicaciones en diferentes entornos, observando que los temas más abarcados son Smart Grid (SG), Generación Distribuida (GD) , Almacenamiento de Energía (AE) y en donde se encuentra poca información son los temas de Vehículos eléctricos (VE), Medición Avanzada (MA) y Respuesta a la Demanda (RD), esto tiene como fin dar una visión mas general sobre los avances que han tenido los autores y permite conocer en qué campo de aplicación se encuentra menos información facilitando la búsqueda de los nuevos investigadores

Computing the Global Irradiation over the Plane of Photovoltaic Arrays: A Step-by-Step Methodology

The quality of solar resource data is critical for the economic and technical assessment of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations. Understanding uncertainty and managing weather-related risk are essential for successful planning and operating of solar electricity assets. The input information available for PV designers is usually restricted to 12 monthly mean values of global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and average temperature, which characterize solar climate of locations. However, for calculating the energy production of a photovoltaic system, the global irradiation over the plane of the PV array is necessary. For this reason, this book chapter presents a methodology to appropriately determine the global irradiation over the plane of photovoltaic arrays. The methodology describes step by step the necessary equations for processing the data. Examples with numerical results are included to better show the data processing

Transmission network expansion planning considering weighted transmission loading relief nodal indexes

En este artículo se presenta un modelo y método de solución para el problema de la expansión de la red de transmisión, que integra restricciones de seguridad dadas a través de los índices nodales ponderados de alivio de carga en transmisión. Estos índices integran factores de inyección y distribución de potencia que permiten estimar la severidad de sobrecargas en condiciones normales y bajo contingencias simples. Adicionalmente, se ha considerado la inclusión de generación a pequeña escala, como complementaria a las soluciones del problema de expansión de la red de transmisión. El modelo propuesto es solucionado mediante la metaheurística NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), permitiendo encontrar un conjunto de soluciones que representan un compromiso entre el costo del plan de expansión y su nivel de seguridad. Se encontró que la inclusión de generación a pequeña escala en nodos estratégicos permite reducir los costos de los planes de expansión y aumenta sus niveles de seguridad ante contingencias simples.This paper presents a model and a solution approach for the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem that integrates security constraints given by weighted transmission loading relief (WTLR) indexes. Such indexes integrate shift and power distribution factors and allow to measure the severity of overloads in normal conditions and under any single contingency. Furthermore, the inclusion of small-scale generation was considered as complementary to TNEP solutions. The proposed model was solved by means of the metaheuristic NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), which enabled to find a set of solutions that represent a trade-off between the cost of the expansion plan and its security level. Several tests were performed on the 6-bus Garver system and the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system, thus showing the applicability of the proposed approach. It was found that the inclusion of small-scale generation in strategic nodes allows to reduce the cost of expansion plans and increases their level of security for single contingencies

Methodology for Sizing Hybrid Battery-Backed Power Generation Systems in Off-Grid Areas

In developing countries, rural electrification in areas with limited or no access to grid connection is one of the most challenging issues for governments. These areas are partially integrated with the electrical grid. This poor electricity distribution is mainly due to geographical inaccessibility, rugged terrains, lack of electrical infrastructure, and high required economic investment for installing large grid-connected power lines over long distances to provide electricity for regions with a low population. On the other hand, rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a global scale and progressive increase of energy demand and fuel price are other motives to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can be a suitable option for such remote areas. The objective of this chapter is to develop a methodology for sizing hybrid power generation systems (solar-diesel), battery-backed in non-interconnected zones, which minimizes the total cost and maximizes the reliability of supply using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed methodology assists the sizing and designing process of an HRES for an off-grid area minimizing the cost of energy (COE) and maximizing the reliability of the system. Economic incentives offered by the Colombian government are considered in the model

Spatio-temporal distribution of spinetail devil ray (Mobula mobular) in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean.

The distribution of the spinetail devil ray Mobula mobular in the eastern tropical Atlantic remains poorly known compared to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. We used fisherydependent data and generalized additive models to examine the environmental characteristics associated with the presence of M. mobular in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Results revealed that the distribution of M. mobular is significantly associated with seasonal upwelling systems in coastal and pelagic areas. Our model predicted the presence of the species in areas where there is evidence of its occurrence, such as the Angolan upwelling system and the coast of Ghana. In addition, our model predicted new hotspot areas, including locations around the Mauritanian upwelling system, the Guinea coast, offshore Ghana and the south coast of Angola and Brazil, where sample sizes are limited. Those areas, as well as the environmental preferences depicted by the model, provide valuable information about the habitat and ecology of the spinetail devil ray. Future research lines derived from this study, as well as its limitations, are discussed. Furthermore, in light of our results we discuss the improvements that are needed to contribute to the conservation and management of this vulnerable species.Versión del edito

Optimal reactive power dispatch by means of particle swarm optimization

RESUMEN: En este artículo se explora la optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO) con algunas de sus variantes para dar solución al problema de flujo de potencia óptimo reactivo ORPD. Este problema consiste consiste en usar de forma óptima los recursos de potencia reactiva de un sistema de potencia, comúnmente con el objetivo de minimizar las pérdidas de energía y mejorar el perfil de tensiones. El ORPD es un problema no lineal y no convexo que involucra variables continuas y enteras y que presenta múltiples soluciones subóptimas. Además de la técnica PSO las variantes conocidas como Turbulent PSO (TPSO) y Turbulent Crazy PSO (TCPSO) fueron implementadas. Se realizaron varias pruebas en los sistemas IEEE de 57 y 118 barras comparando los resultados con otros reportados en la literatura técnica. Se encontró que el desempeño del PSO se mejora considerablemente cuando se aplican las variantes TPSO y TCPSO.ABSTRACT: In this paper the particle swarm optimization (PSO) along with some of its variants is explored to give solution to the optimal reactive power dispatch problem (ORPD). This problem consists of the optimal use of reactive power resources in a power system, usually with the aim of minimizing power loses and improving voltage profile. The ORPD is a non-lineal and non-convex problem that involves continues and discrete variables and features multiple sub-optimal solutions. Besides the PSO technique, the variants known as Turbulent PSO (TPSO) and Turbulent Crazy (PSO) were implemented. Several tests were performed on IEEE 57 and 118 bus test systems comparing results with other reported in the technical literature. It was found that the performance of PSO is considerably improved when the variants TPSO and TCPSO are applied

Análisis detallado del Standard IEEE 1459-2010 para sistemas eléctricos monofásicos lineales y no lineales

This paper amis to show the detail of the Standard IEEE 1459-2010 for single phase systems. The Standard IEEE 1459-2010 aims to quantify the power of electrical systems; however, it does not detail of the deduction of the equations from the circuit diagram. So the contribution of this document is the step-by-step deduction of the equations from the system's voltages and currents. The deduction is made for both linear single-phase systems and non-linear single-phase systems. The detail of the calculation for the active, reactive and apparent power and also the calculation of the power factor and harmonic distortion are presented.Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar el detalle del Standard IEEE 1459-2010 para sistemas monofásicos. Este Standard tiene como objetivo cuantificar la potencia de los sistemas eléctricos; sin embargo, no muestra el detalle de la deducción de las ecuaciones partiendo del esquema circuital. Por lo que la contribución deeste documento es la deducción paso a paso de las ecuaciones partiendo de los voltajes y corrientes del sistema. La deducción se realiza tanto para sistemas monofásicos lineales como para sistemas monofásicos no lineales. Se presenta el detalle del cálculo para la potencia activa, reactiva y aparente y también el cálculo del factor de potencia como de la distorsión armónica

Evaluación de los impactos en la calidad de la energía por la compensación de potencia reactiva con bancos de condensadores y D-STATCOM

This paper presents an assessment of capacitor banks and Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) with respect to their impact on energy quality. Tests were done with capacitor banks built with electrolytic capacitors commonly used in industrial applications and a D-STATCOM. Experimental tests were performed for power factor correction in order to reduce the reactive power demanded from the electrical grid for inductive-resistive loads. For comparative purposes, the control of the D-STATCOM was set to operate with similar compensation conditions to that of the capacitor banks. Results show that under the same test conditions capacitor banks produce higher Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) than D-STATCOM.Este artículo presenta una evaluación de los bancos de capacitores y el Compensador Estático de Distribución (D-STATCOM) con respecto a su impacto en la calidad de la energía. Las pruebas fueron hechas con bancos de capacitores construidos con capacitores electrolíticos comúnmente usados en aplicaciones industriales y un D-STATCOM. Las pruebas experimentales fueron realizadas para corrección del factor de potencia, con el fin de reducir la potencia reactiva demandada por la red eléctrica con cargas resistivo-inductivas. Por propósitos comparativos, el control del D-STATCOM se programó para operar en similares condiciones de compensación respecto al banco de capacitores. Los resultados muestran que, bajo las mismas condiciones de prueba, los bancos de capacitores producen mayor Distorsión Armónica Total que el D-STATCOM

Susceptibility of biological stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, to entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes)

The susceptibility of the egg, pupa, and adult of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) to isolates of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Groups of 20 eggs than 4 h old, pupae less than 48h old and adults were sprayed with a conidial suspension of each isolate. Eggs, pupae and adults of horn fly were susceptible to these entomopathogenic fungi. For treated eggs, the isolates Ma3, Ma 15, Ma25, Pfr1, and Pfr8 reduced adult emergence to 3.8% to 6.3% in comparison with the control (72%). The mortality of pupae infected by the isolates Ma2, Ma25, and Pfr10 ranged between 50% and 71.3%. Mortality of adults after treatment with the isolates Ma6, Ma 10, Ma 14, Ma 15, Pfr 1, Pfr 9, Pfr 10, Pfr 11, and Pfr12 were higher than 90%. The isolate Ma6 produced the lowest LC(50) against adult horn flies (8.08 &times 10(2)conidia/ml). These findings supported the hypotheses that isolates of M. anisopliae, and P. fumosoroseus are pathogenic against the different biological stages of horn flies by reducing adult emergence when applied on groups of eggs and pupae, and producing mortality when applied to adults

Conflictos socioambientales y alternativas de la sociedad civil

Los conflictos socioambientales se multiplican en todo el mundo. Giran en torno a la contaminación industrial, las actividades mineras, el cambio de uso de suelo, la deforestación, la construcción de presas, la introducción de semillas genéticamente modificadas, el mal manejo de desechos sólidos y la privatización de tierra, agua y biodiversidad, entre otros. ¿Cuáles son las causas subyacentes a estos conflictos? ¿Quiénes son los protagonistas? ¿Cuáles son sus demandas, propuestas y estrategias? ¿En qué medida han contribuido a proteger o sanear el medio ambiente? ¿Hay conflictos locales que se convierten en glocales con la intervención de la sociedad civil? Estas interrogantes se abordan en este libro, que recoge inventarios de conflictos ambientales en México, en especial en Jalisco.ITESO, A.C