The Crystal Structure of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)taurine, HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2SOJH

The crystals of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)taur~ne are orthorhombic; a= 9.666 (4), b = 11.681 (6), c = 12.754 (8) A; space group is Pbca with eight formula units in the unit cell. A three-dimensional X-ray crystal structure analysis has shown that the compound crystallizes as zwitterion, formula HOCH2CH2NH2•CH2CH2S03-. Dihedral aingle S- C- C- N = 175.60, and N- C- C-0 = - 59.8°. Zwitterions are connected by hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

The Crystal Structure of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)taurine, HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2SOJH

The crystals of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)taur~ne are orthorhombic; a= 9.666 (4), b = 11.681 (6), c = 12.754 (8) A; space group is Pbca with eight formula units in the unit cell. A three-dimensional X-ray crystal structure analysis has shown that the compound crystallizes as zwitterion, formula HOCH2CH2NH2•CH2CH2S03-. Dihedral aingle S- C- C- N = 175.60, and N- C- C-0 = - 59.8°. Zwitterions are connected by hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

The rolling problem: overview and challenges

In the present paper we give a historical account -ranging from classical to modern results- of the problem of rolling two Riemannian manifolds one on the other, with the restrictions that they cannot instantaneously slip or spin one with respect to the other. On the way we show how this problem has profited from the development of intrinsic Riemannian geometry, from geometric control theory and sub-Riemannian geometry. We also mention how other areas -such as robotics and interpolation theory- have employed the rolling model.Comment: 20 page

Genetic homogenisation of two major orchid viruses through global trade‐based dispersal of their hosts

Orchid viruses are capable of causing flower deformities and death, which can se‐ verely impact the horticultural industry and wild orchid conservation. Here we show how two of these quickly evolving viruses display few genetic differences since their first emergence, across countries and host plants. This is concerning as, despite bios‐ ecurity regulations to control the movement of orchids and their related pathogens, these patterns are suggestive of rapid and regular international movement of horti‐ cultural material. Poor biosecurity practices could threaten the orchid horticultural industry and result in the accidental translocation or reintroduction of infected plant material intended to recover wild populations

The temporal dynamics of readily available soil moisture for plants in the technosols of the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin

The restoration of a stable and productive ecosystem after drastic disturbances to the natural environment due to mining and open-cast mining may be achieved by means of reclamation. Investigation of the hydrological budget of technosols is important task in developing adequate approaches to reclamation. Sod lithogenic soils on red-brown clay, on grey-green clay were chosen as the objects of the investigation. The simulation of moisture content in Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin technosols was performed using the Penman-Monteith approach and evaluated the role of the dependence of soils’ surface albedo on the humidity in the intensity of evapotranspiration. The research was conducted during 2013–2015 at the station for research on reclaimed land within the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin (city Pokrov, Ukraine). The experimental area for the study of optimal modes of agricultural reclamation was created in 1968–1970. Precipitation in the investigated area was found to fall very unevenly in time. In 2013, the duration of the rainless period was 259 days, in 2014 – 264 days, in 2015 – 261 days. The maximum daily rainfall varies within 18–49 mm. There are significant interannual differences in the intensity of rainfall. The minimum total annual precipitation in 2014 was due to a decrease in atypical rainfall in late winter and early winter. The maximum annual rainfall in 2015 was caused by intense rainfall both in the spring and in mid-summer and late autumn. The average annual temperature was 11.1 ºC and the annual totals did not statistically significantly vary within the study period. The average wind speed and average atmospheric humidity are statistically significantly different from year to year. The technosols’ colour properties and surface albedo varied depending on the moisture content. There is a linear relationship between the moisture content in the soil and albedo of the soil surface. The evaluation of readily available water content was carried out based on the Penman-Monteith model taking into account meteorological data, the water-physical properties of the technosols and the dependence of soil surface albedo on soil humidity. The distribution of this index for different teсhnosols is characterized by a high level of similarity of shape due to the fact that the overall climate factors are crucial in shaping the dynamics of moisture. A complex mixture of normal distributions is the best model for representing the experimental data. The readily available water content distribution can best be represented as a mixture of two normal distributions. The relatively high moisture level is characterized for winter and spring periods. Water content in sodlithogenic soils on red-brown clay over the period of research never reached the value of the permanent wilting point. In 2013, the period when the moisture content was less than the value of the permanent wilting point lasted 23 days, and in 2014 this period lasted 39 days. Thus, you can always expect the phenomenon of drought under typical climatic conditions for the technosols on grey-green clay. It was found that monitoring water supplies before the start of the growing season can provide valuable information necessary for the selection of crops for cultivation in the current year. The results indicate the urgency of measures to save the winter rainfall on the fields. Keywords: reclamation; water regime; albedo; evapotranspiration; Penman-Monteith equation

The temporal dynamics of readily available soil moisture for plants in the technosols of the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin

The restoration of a stable and productive ecosystem after drastic disturbances to the natural environment due to mining and open-cast mining may be achieved by means of reclamation. Investigation of the hydrological budget of technosols is important task in developing adequate approaches to reclamation. Sod lithogenic soils on red-brown clay, on grey-green clay were chosen as the objects of the investigation. The simulation of moisture content in Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin technosols was performed using the Penman-Monteith approach and evaluated the role of the dependence of soils’ surface albedo on the humidity in the intensity of evapotranspiration. The research was conducted during 2013–2015 at the station for research on reclaimed land within the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin (city Pokrov, Ukraine). The experimental area for the study of optimal modes of agricultural reclamation was created in 1968–1970. Precipitation in the investigated area was found to fall very unevenly in time. In 2013, the duration of the rainless period was 259 days, in 2014 – 264 days, in 2015 – 261 days. The maximum daily rainfall varies within 18–49 mm. There are significant interannual differences in the intensity of rainfall. The minimum total annual precipitation in 2014 was due to a decrease in atypical rainfall in late winter and early winter. The maximum annual rainfall in 2015 was caused by intense rainfall both in the spring and in mid-summer and late autumn. The average annual temperature was 11.1 ºC and the annual totals did not statistically significantly vary within the study period. The average wind speed and average atmospheric humidity are statistically significantly different from year to year. The technosols’ colour properties and surface albedo varied depending on the moisture content. There is a linear relationship between the moisture content in the soil and albedo of the soil surface. The evaluation of readily available water content was carried out based on the Penman-Monteith model taking into account meteorological data, the water-physical properties of the technosols and the dependence of soil surface albedo on soil humidity. The distribution of this index for different teсhnosols is characterized by a high level of similarity of shape due to the fact that the overall climate factors are crucial in shaping the dynamics of moisture. A complex mixture of normal distributions is the best model for representing the experimental data. The readily available water content distribution can best be represented as a mixture of two normal distributions. The relatively high moisture level is characterized for winter and spring periods. Water content in sod-lithogenic soils on red-brown clay over the period of research never reached the value of the permanent wilting point. In 2013, the period when the moisture content was less than the value of the permanent wilting point lasted 23 days, and in 2014 this period lasted 39 days. Thus, you can always expect the phenomenon of drought under typical climatic conditions for the technosols on grey-green clay. It was found that monitoring water supplies before the start of the growing season can provide valuable information necessary for the selection of crops for cultivation in the current year. The results indicate the urgency of measures to save the winter rainfall on the fields

The temporal dynamics of readily available soil moisture for plants in the technosols of the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin

The restoration of a stable and productive ecosystem after drastic disturbances to the natural environment due to mining and open-cast mining may be achieved by means of reclamation. Investigation of the hydrological budget of technosols is important task in developing adequate approaches to reclamation. Sod lithogenic soils on red-brown clay, on grey-green clay were chosen as the objects of the investigation. The simulation of moisture content in Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin technosols was performed using the Penman-Monteith approach and evaluated the role of the dependence of soils’ surface albedo on the humidity in the intensity of evapotranspiration. The research was conducted during 2013–2015 at the station for research on reclaimed land within the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin (city Pokrov, Ukraine). The experimental area for the study of optimal modes of agricultural reclamation was created in 1968–1970. Precipitation in the investigated area was found to fall very unevenly in time. In 2013, the duration of the rainless period was 259 days, in 2014 – 264 days, in 2015 – 261 days. The maximum daily rainfall varies within 18–49 mm. There are significant interannual differences in the intensity of rainfall. The minimum total annual precipitation in 2014 was due to a decrease in atypical rainfall in late winter and early winter. The maximum annual rainfall in 2015 was caused by intense rainfall both in the spring and in mid-summer and late autumn. The average annual temperature was 11.1 ºC and the annual totals did not statistically significantly vary within the study period. The average wind speed and average atmospheric humidity are statistically significantly different from year to year. The technosols’ colour properties and surface albedo varied depending on the moisture content. There is a linear relationship between the moisture content in the soil and albedo of the soil surface. The evaluation of readily available water content was carried out based on the Penman-Monteith model taking into account meteorological data, the water-physical properties of the technosols and the dependence of soil surface albedo on soil humidity. The distribution of this index for different teсhnosols is characterized by a high level of similarity of shape due to the fact that the overall climate factors are crucial in shaping the dynamics of moisture. A complex mixture of normal distributions is the best model for representing the experimental data. The readily available water content distribution can best be represented as a mixture of two normal distributions. The relatively high moisture level is characterized for winter and spring periods. Water content in sod-lithogenic soils on red-brown clay over the period of research never reached the value of the permanent wilting point. In 2013, the period when the moisture content was less than the value of the permanent wilting point lasted 23 days, and in 2014 this period lasted 39 days. Thus, you can always expect the phenomenon of drought under typical climatic conditions for the technosols on grey-green clay. It was found that monitoring water supplies before the start of the growing season can provide valuable information necessary for the selection of crops for cultivation in the current year. The results indicate the urgency of measures to save the winter rainfall on the fields. Keywords: reclamation; water regime; albedo; evapotranspiration; Penman-Monteith equation

Geometric Approach to Pontryagin's Maximum Principle

Since the second half of the 20th century, Pontryagin's Maximum Principle has been widely discussed and used as a method to solve optimal control problems in medicine, robotics, finance, engineering, astronomy. Here, we focus on the proof and on the understanding of this Principle, using as much geometric ideas and geometric tools as possible. This approach provides a better and clearer understanding of the Principle and, in particular, of the role of the abnormal extremals. These extremals are interesting because they do not depend on the cost function, but only on the control system. Moreover, they were discarded as solutions until the nineties, when examples of strict abnormal optimal curves were found. In order to give a detailed exposition of the proof, the paper is mostly self\textendash{}contained, which forces us to consider different areas in mathematics such as algebra, analysis, geometry.Comment: Final version. Minors changes have been made. 56 page

ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЯМОТОЧНОГО ВИБРОПНЕВМАТИЧЕСКОГО СЕПАРАТОРА ЗЕРНОВОЙ СМЕСИ

Crop yield greatly depends on quality and biological value of seeds. And biological value of seeds is characterized here not as much by geometric parameters as by their density, which is related to ripeness and nature of seed. Seeds with the greatest density have high germination energy, viability and, respectively, show high yield. The most efficient method for seed sorting by density is vibro-pneumatic sorting in a fluidized bed. Based on the studies carried out, the design and engineering layout of a direct-flow vibro-pneumatic separator with new engineering solutions has been scientifically substantiated and practically implemented. To study the process of seed sorting in a fluidized bed, a test rig was designed and manufactured, with the main element of developed direct-flow vibro-pneumatic separator allowing to significantly improve the efficiency of sorting the components of grain mixture into fractions that differ in density by 10–15 %. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies carried out, a mathematical model is obtained to determine the performance of vibro-pneumatic equipment, considering physical and mechanical properties of processed seeds and design features of the equipment. Analysis of mathematical equations allowed to determine the main directions for increasing the efficiency of vibro-pneumatic sorting of grain and seeds in a fluidized bed. The obtained mathematical dependencies can be used in substantiating rational mode and constructive parameters of vibro-pneumatic equipment operation for seed sorting by density. Implementation of research results will allow forming research and engineering basis for creation of high-performance machines for pre-seeding grain and seed preparation. Урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур во многом зависит от качества семян, их биологической ценности. При этом биологическую ценность семян характеризуют не столько геометрические параметры, сколько их плотность, которая связана со спелостью и натурой семени. Семена с наибольшей плотностью обладают высокой энергией прорастания, всхожестью и, соответственно, дают высокий урожай. Наиболее эффективным методом сортирования семян по плотности является вибропневматическое сортирование в псевдоожиженном слое. На основании проведенных исследований научно обоснована и практически реализована конструктивно-технологическая схема прямоточного вибропневматического сепаратора с новыми техническими решениями. Для изучения процесса сортирования семян в псевдоожиженном слое разработан и изготовлен экспериментальный стенд, главным элементом которого является разработанный прямоточный вибропневматический сепаратор, позволяющий значительно повысить эффективность сортирования компонентов зерновой смеси на фракции, отличающиеся между собой плотностью в пределах 10–15 %. На основании проведенных теоретических и экспериментальных исследований получена математическая модель для определения производительности вибропневматического оборудования, учитывающая физико-механические свойства обрабатываемых семян и конструктивные особенности оборудования. Анализ математических уравнений позволил определить основные направления повышения эффективности процесса вибропневматического сортирования зерна и семян в псевдоожиженном слое. Полученные математические зависимости могут быть использованы при обосновании рациональных режимно-конструктивных параметров работы вибропневматического оборудования для сортирования семян по плотности. Внедрение результатов исследований позволит создать научную и техническую основу создания высокопроизводительных машин для предпосевной под- готовки зерна и семян.

Event extraction of bacteria biotopes: a knowledge-intensive NLP-based approach

International audienceBackground: Bacteria biotopes cover a wide range of diverse habitats including animal and plant hosts, natural, medical and industrial environments. The high volume of publications in the microbiology domain provides a rich source of up-to-date information on bacteria biotopes. This information, as found in scientific articles, is expressed in natural language and is rarely available in a structured format, such as a database. This information is of great importance for fundamental research and microbiology applications (e.g., medicine, agronomy, food, bioenergy). The automatic extraction of this information from texts will provide a great benefit to the field