Pengaruh Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran PQ4R terhadap Prestasi Belajar Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran SKI (Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam) di MTs Negeri Unggulan Manado

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan prestasi belajar antara kelas yang menggunakan strategi belajar PQ4R dengan kelas yang tidak menggunakan strategi belajar PQ4R pada mata pelajaran SKI di MTs Negeri Unggulan Manado. Strategi PQ4R merupakan singkatan dari Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite and Review, sedangkan prestasi belajar peserta didik adalah hasil yang dicapai peserta didik setelah melewati proses pembelajaran. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas VIII MTs Negeri Unggulan Manado tahun ajaran 2014-2015 yang berjumlah 208 orang. Adapun untuk sampelnya, peneliti menggunakan teknik Cluster Random Sampling. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol dengan masing-masing jumlah untuk tiap kelas 32 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan menggunakan tes hasil belajar. Data hasil penelitian terlebih dahulu diadakan pengujian normalitas data dengan menggunakan uji chi kuadrat (2). Dari hasil perhitungan, untuk kelas eksperimen diperoleh 2 hitung = 6,46 dan kelas kontrol diperoleh 2 = 5,146 dan harga 2 tabel =7,815 ternyata 2 hitung ttabel, sehingga kesimpulannya strategi PQ4R mempunyai pengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar peserta didik

Anthrax Lethal Toxin-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Mouse Lung

A major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis is the anthrax Lethal Toxin (LeTx), a bipartite toxin composed of Protective Antigen and Lethal Factor. Systemic administration of LeTx to laboratory animals leads to death associated with vascular leakage and pulmonary edema. In this study, we investigated whether systemic exposure of mice to LeTx would induce gene expression changes associated with vascular/capillary leakage in lung tissue. We observed enhanced susceptibility of A/J mice to death by systemic LeTx administration compared to the C57BL/6 strain. LeTx-induced groups of both up- and down-regulated genes were observed in mouse lungs 6 h after systemic administration of wild type toxin compared to lungs of mice exposed to an inactive mutant form of the toxin. Lungs of the less susceptible C57BL/6 strain showed 80% fewer differentially expressed genes compared to lungs of the more sensitive A/J strain. Expression of genes known to regulate vascular permeability was modulated by LeTx in the lungs of the more susceptible A/J strain. Unexpectedly, the largest set of genes with altered expression was immune specific, characterized by the up-regulation of lymphoid genes and the down-regulation of myeloid genes. Transcripts encoding neutrophil chemoattractants, modulators of tumor regulation and angiogenesis were also differentially expressed in both mouse strains. These studies provide new directions for the investigation of vascular leakage and pulmonary edema induced by anthrax LeTx

Variants at multiple loci implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome is a common autoimmune disease (~0.7% of European Americans) typically presenting as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. In addition to strong association within the HLA region at 6p21 (Pmeta=7.65×10−114), we establish associations with IRF5-TNPO3 (Pmeta=2.73×10−19), STAT4 (Pmeta=6.80×10−15), IL12A (Pmeta =1.17×10−10), FAM167A-BLK (Pmeta=4.97×10−10), DDX6-CXCR5 (Pmeta=1.10×10−8), and TNIP1 (Pmeta=3.30×10−8). Suggestive associations with Pmeta<5×10−5 were observed with 29 regions including TNFAIP3, PTTG1, PRDM1, DGKQ, FCGR2A, IRAK1BP1, ITSN2, and PHIP amongst others. These results highlight the importance of genes involved in both innate and adaptive immunity in Sjögren’s syndrome

Genome-wide association study identifies Sjögren’s risk loci with functional implications in immune and glandular cells

Sjögren’s disease is a complex autoimmune disease with twelve established susceptibility loci. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies ten novel genome-wide significant (GWS) regions in Sjögren’s cases of European ancestry: CD247, NAB1, PTTG1-MIR146A, PRDM1-ATG5, TNFAIP3, XKR6, MAPT-CRHR1, RPTOR-CHMP6-BAIAP6, TYK2, SYNGR1. Polygenic risk scores yield predictability (AUROC = 0.71) and relative risk of 12.08. Interrogation of bioinformatics databases refine the associations, define local regulatory networks of GWS SNPs from the 95% credible set, and expand the implicated gene list to >40. Many GWS SNPs are eQTLs for genes within topologically associated domains in immune cells and/or eQTLs in the main target tissue, salivary glands.Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH): R01AR073855 (C.J.L.), R01AR065953 (C.J.L.), R01AR074310 (A.D.F.), P50AR060804 (K.L.S.), R01AR050782 (K.L.S), R01DE018209 (K.L.S.), R33AR076803 (I.A.), R21AR079089 (I.A.); NIDCR Sjögren’s Syndrome Clinic and Salivary Disorders Unit were supported by NIDCR Division of Intramural Research at the National Institutes of Health funds - Z01-DE000704 (B.W.); Birmingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (S.J.B.); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2155 – Projektnummer 390874280 (T.W.); Research Council of Norway (Oslo, Norway) – Grant 240421 (TR.R.), 316120 (M.W-H.); Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Helse Vest) – 911807, 912043 (R.O.); Swedish Research Council for Medicine and Health (L.R., G.N., M.W-H.); Swedish Rheumatism Association (L.R., G.N., M.W-H.); King Gustav V’s 80-year Foundation (G.N.); Swedish Society of Medicine (L.R., G.N., M.W-H.); Swedish Cancer Society (E.B.); Sjögren’s Syndrome Foundation (K.L.S.); Phileona Foundation (K.L.S.). The Stockholm County Council (M.W-H.); The Swedish Twin Registry is managed through the Swedish Research Council - Grant 2017-000641. The French ASSESS (Atteinte Systémique et Evolution des patients atteints de Syndrome de Sjögren primitive) was sponsored by Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (Ministry of Health, PHRC 2006 P060228) and the French society of Rheumatology (X.M.).publishedVersio

Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah

xxiv, 282 hlm,; 23 c

Pengelolaan Budidaya Rumput Laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara

&nbsp; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengelolaan budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Metode penelitian menggunakan jenis deskriptif pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam kepada sejumlah informan, observasi dan pencatatan data sekunder yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa, perencanaan&nbsp; budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek belum optimal. Hal ini terlihat dari proses pembudidayaan rumput laut yang dilakukan oleh petani yang bersifat sederhana tanpa ada pengamatan dan analisa sebelumnya dalam pemilihan bibit, pemilihan lokasi hingga metode penjualannya. Pelaksanaan&nbsp; budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek belum optimal. Hal ini dikarenakan tidak adanya kegiatan perawatan dan pemeliharaan serta proses penanaman hingga proses panen dan kegiatan pasca panen masih dilakukan secara sederhana dan tanpa sarana dan prasarana yang memadai. Pengawasan&nbsp; budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek belum optimal. Hal ini tampak dari jarangnya pemerintah dalam melakukan pemantau terhadap aktivitas budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek. Disarankan, perlunya dilakukan budidaya rumput laut dengan melakukan persiapan dan perencanaan yang matang, dimulai dari pemilihan bibit, metode tanam, pemilihan lokasi, hingga tahap produksi. Perlunya dilakukan pelaksanaan budidaya rumput laut dengan melakukan perawatan dan pemeliharaan yang ditunjang dengan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai. Perlunya dilakukan pemantauan oleh pemerintah dalam hal ini Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara terhadap aktivitas budidaya rumput laut di Desa Popalo Kecamatan Anggrek. Kata Kunci: Pengelolaan; Budidaya; Rumput; Lau

MHC Class II and Non-MHC Class II Genes Differentially Influence Humoral Immunity to Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor and Protective Antigen

Anthrax Lethal Toxin consists of Protective Antigen (PA) and Lethal Factor (LF), and current vaccination strategies focus on eliciting antibodies to PA. In human vaccination, the response to PA can vary greatly, and the response is often directed toward non-neutralizing epitopes. Variable vaccine responses have been shown to be due in part to genetic differences in individuals, with both MHC class II and other genes playing roles. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of MHC class II versus non-MHC class II genes in the humoral response to PA and LF immunization using three immunized strains of inbred mice: A/J (H-2k at the MHC class II locus), B6 (H-2b), and B6.H2k (H-2k). IgG antibody titers to LF were controlled primarily by the MHC class II locus, whereas IgG titers to PA were strongly influenced by the non-MHC class II genetic background. Conversely, the humoral fine specificity of reactivity to LF appeared to be controlled primarily through non-MHC class II genes, while the specificity of reactivity to PA was more dependent on MHC class II. Common epitopes, reactive in all strains, occurred in both LF and PA responses. These results demonstrate that MHC class II differentially influences humoral immune responses to LF and PA