Assessment of global emissions from fuel combustion in the final decades of the 20th century. Application of the Emission Inventory Model TEAM

For each activity the rate is changing over time. In most inventories these data are organised in tables, providing an activity rate for each relevant activity for each time step (in most cases each year). The temporal resolution of the activity data determines also the temporal resolution of the inventory

Emissions of persistent organic pollutants and eight candidate POPs from UNECE-Europe in 2000, 2010 and 2020 and the emission reduction resulting from the implementation of the UNECE POP protocol

An emission inventory for persistent organic pollutants (POP) is made for the year 2000 based on submissions of emission data from the Parties to the Convention on LRTAP. The inventory covers the UNECE territory except Canada and the United States. For the countries, sources or compounds lacking in official submissions, default emission estimates have been prepared and applied to complete the inventory. An indicative comparison of the year 2000 emissions with the 1990 emission levels from a previous study is presented as well as emission projections for 2010, 2015, 2020 based on activity scenarios developed in the framework of the EU CAFE programme. The key source analysis of the projected emissions assuming full implementation of the UNECE protocols allows identification of remaining source strengths which subsequently are briefly discussed in terms of their potential for (further) reduction. A number of chemicals are currently being investigated for inclusion on the UN/ECE POPs protocol list of priority compounds but for these substances emission estimation methodologies are scarce or non-existent. For eight of these substances (dicofol, edosulfan, hexachlorobutadiene (HBU), pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE), pentachlorobenzene (PCBe), pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychloronated naftalenes (PCN) and short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs)) an emission estimation methodology is proposed and a preliminary emission inventory for the year 2000 is presented. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Different approaches of self-management facilitation for elderly in the community

Introduction An expanding group (frail) older people strives to live independently at home as long as possible. This change is caused by the fact that elderly nowadays take more responsibility and control over their health and environment on the one hand, and to the dismantling of the welfare state on the other hand. Facilitation of self-management can support them significantly in living longer at home. Aim The aim of this symposium is to share examples of approaches on self-management facilitations for elderly in the community. Methods The symposium starts with results of a systematic review on the effects of self-management support programmes on the activities of daily living. Subsequently, two specific patient groups are featured. First, we discuss a tool for the selection of tailored apps for increasing selfmanagement and meaningful activities for people with mild dementia. Secondly, the need for self-management related care in elderly with permanent ostomy will be shared, with a focus on recognizing and treating physical ostomy related problems. Finally, we discuss the experiences of nurses and caregivers with a digital communication tool for elderly living at home

Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000

In many regions of the world, fires are an important and highly variable source of air pollutant emissions, and they thus constitute a significant if not dominant factor controlling the interannual variability of the atmospheric composition. This paper describes the 41-year inventory of vegetation fire emissions constructed for the Reanalysis of the Tropospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years project (RETRO), a global modeling study to investigate the trends and variability of tropospheric ozone and other air pollutants over the past decades. It is the first attempt to construct a global emissions data set with monthly time resolution over such a long period. The inventory is based on a literature review, on estimates from different satellite products, and on a numerical model with a semiphysical approach to simulate fire occurrence and fire spread. Burned areas, carbon consumption, and total carbon release are estimated for 13 continental-scale regions, including explicit treatment of some major burning events such as Indonesia in 1997 and 1998. Global carbon emissions from this inventory range from 1410 to 3140 Tg C/a with the minimum and maximum occurring in 1974 and 1992, respectively (mean of 2078 Tg C/a). Emissions of other species are also reported (mean CO of 330 Tg/a, NOx of 4.6 Tg N/a, CH2O of 3.9 Tg/a, CH4 of 15.4 Tg/a, BC of 2.2 Tg/a, OC of 17.6 Tg/a, SO2 of 2.2 Tg/a). The uncertainties of these estimates remain high even for later years where satellite data products are available. Future versions of this inventory may benefit from ongoing analysis of burned areas from satellite data going back to 1982

REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years FIRE ENGINE View project FUELMON -remote FUEL break MONitoring for forest fire protection View project

REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over thepast 40 years (RETRO)Objectives:• exploit (often under-utilised) existing data sets from ground based stations,aircraft, and satellite instruments, integrating these into common datasets,• develop tools for the analysis, interpretation and exploitation of the data,• formulate recommendations for future measurement strategies,• assess changes in trace compound emissions and their effect on troposphericchemical composition and aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, overthe past 40 years,• provide an assessment of uncertainties caused by climate variability,• evaluate emission control strategies in Europe,• predict changes over the next 20 years in tropospheric composition, andradiative forcing through model studies using the emission scenarios definedfor the IPCC 2001 climate assessment,• analyze the magnitude of intercontinental pollutant transport.Scientific achievements:• first detailed, comprehensive and consistent data sets on global emissionsfrom fossil and biofuel combustion and from open vegetation burningcovering the time period 1960-2000; available as gridded data sets with0.5°×0.5° and monthly mean resolution,• first global long-term atmospheric chemistry integrations with several stateof-the-art models using the ERA-40 meteorological data, the RETROemissions and other constrains in a consistent and well-documented manner,• analysis of key parameters controlling the interannual and seasonalvariability and the longer-term trends in the tropospheric composition relatedto ozone and its precursors,• development of new software tools for the analysis of observational data andmodel results; standardisation of model output and data formats anddefinition of model evaluation metrics and skill scores,• development of a comprehensive data base for tropospheric compositionobservations with complete metadata definition and a user-friendly interfacefor data access,• multi-model analysis of specific scenarios related to power generation andthe traffic sector in OECD countries,• contributions to the IPCC 4th assessment report through participation in amulti-model assessment study coordinated by the ACCENT network ofexcellenceMain deliverables:• gridded data sets of global emissions from 1960 to 2000 (D1-4)• gridded data sets of simulated concentrations of ozone and ozone precursorsfrom 1960 to 2000 (D4-3)• data base of atmospheric observationsreport on the RETRO emission inventories (D1-6)o report on trend analysis based on observational data (D2-3)o reports on sensitivity studies (D3-2, D3-3 and D3-4)o report on the long-term reanalysis simulations (D4-4)o reports on changes in UV and radiative forcing (D5-1 and D5-2)o analysis of past policy measures including scenario studies (D5-5)All RETRO deliverables are available on the RETRO ftp serverftp://ftp.retro.enes.org/pub or via the RETRO web pages http://retro.enes.org.Socio-economic relevance and policy implications:Understanding past trends in large-scale air pollution is a key requirement toformulate future strategies to enhance air quality in Europe and elsewhere. Due tothe scarcity of observational data (particularly for years before 1990), numericalmodels are the only way to obtain comprehensive and consistent information onpast trends in tropospheric ozone and related substances. The model simulationsin RETRO also allow for evaluating the impact of important parameters on theinterannual variability of air pollution in Europe. From specific sensitivity studiesthe roles of meteorological variability, variability in anthropogenic emissions andvariability in wildland fire emissions could be determined. Scenario calculationson the impact of certain policy measures to reduce emissions from powergeneration or from the traffic sector provide a direct answer to the potentialconsequences of the introduction of more stringent air pollution abatementmeasures. Due to the effects of intercontinental transport of air pollution, localmeasures may not always achieve the expected results. These issues can only beaddressed with comprehensive, well-constrained global model simulations as theywere pioneered in the RETRO project. Several of the tools and methodologiesdeveloped in RETRO are now applied in ongoing projects with a more immediatepolicy link (especially the FP6 integrated project GEMS and the multi-modelassessment activity under the auspices of the task force on hemispheric transportof air pollution).Conclusions:• RETRO contributed significant developments to advance the state-of-the-artin global atmospheric chemistry modelling in terms of new long-termemissions data and the first comprehensive long-term multi-modelintegrations of atmospheric chemistry and transport,• The RETRO models generally show very good consistency in terms ofinterannual variability and trend patterns, but they occasionally differsignificantly in the absolute values of the simulated concentrations of ozoneand its precursors,• Comparison with observations shows that the RETRO models often capturethe atmospheric variability patterns rather well and that the mean modelgenerally provides a reasonable description of the chemical state of theatmosphere. Some exceptions are noted, in particular the absence of anincreasing ozone trend over central Europe in the 1990s which is clearly seenfrom measurements at several mountain stations,• According to the RETRO simulations, summertime boundary layerconcentrations of ozone over Europe increased between 5 and 15 ppb (10-20%) between 1960 and the year 2000. Further abatement measures in thetraffic sector (introduction of the EURO 5 standard in all OECD countries)could lead to a reduction of summertime ozone by 8-10%.• A renewed effort following on the RETRO activities would be highlydesirable in order to further expand the available emission data sets(inclusion of SO2, aerosol precursors and greenhouse gases and review ofnatural emissions), to further investigate the underlying causes fortropospheric composition change and to include the analysis of feedbacksbetween tropospheric ozone, climate change and aerosols.Dissemination of results:• more than 30 articles appeared in peer reviewed scientific journals with director indirect contributions from the RETRO project,• RETRO project results were presented in more than 100 conferencecontributions and presentations at international meetings,• a specific session on “tropospheric trends and variability” was inaugurated atthe EGU General Symposium 2004 and was repeated in 2006 and 2007,• RETRO emission data sets are being used in several ongoing researchprojects (e.g. GEMS and TFHTAP, GREENCYCLES, etc.),• All RETRO data sets and reports are available on the RETRO ftp serverftp://ftp.retro.enes.org/pub or via the RETRO web pages athttp://retro.enes.org