A global infrageneric classification system for the genus Crotalaria (Leguminosae) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Crotalaria is a large genus of 702 species with its centre of diversity in tropical Africa and Madagascar and secondary radiations in other parts of the world. The current infrageneric classification system is based on morphological and morphomet- ric studies of the African taxa only and is here re-evaluated using a phylogenetic approach. DNA sequences derived from the nuclear ITS and the plastid matK, psbA-trnH and rbcLa markers were analyzed using parsimony and model-based (Bayesian) approaches. The resultant molecular phylogeny allowed for a new interpretation of diagnostically important morphological characters, including specialisations of the calyx, keel, standard petal and style, which are variously convergent in several unrelated infrageneric groups. Of particular interest is the congruence between the new phylogeny and the distribution of stand- ard petal callosity types. A sectional classification system for the entire genus is proposed for the first time. The new system that is formalised here comprises eleven sections: Amphitrichae, Calycinae, Crotalaria, Geniculatae, Glaucae, Grandiflorae, Hedriocarpae, Incanae, Schizostigma, Borealigeniculatae and Stipulosae. Sectional limits of the Geniculatae, Calycinae and Crotalaria are modified. The subsections Stipulosae, Glaucae and Incanae are raised to sectional level, while some groups previously recognized as subsections are abandoned due to non-monophyly (subsections Chrysocalycinae, Hedriocarpae, Macrostachyae and Tetralobocalyx). Two new sections are recognized, Amphitrichae and Borealigeniculatae.Web of Scienc

Analysis of the ground accelerations radiated by the 1980 Livermore valley earthquakes for directivity and dynamic source characteristics

ABSTRACT The strong motion accelerograph recordings of the 24 January 1980 main shock and the 27 January 1980 aftershock of the Livermore Valley earthquake sequence are analyzed for systematic variations with azimuth or station location. The variation of the peak accelerations with epicentral azimuth is apparently reversed for the two events: the main shock accelerations are larger to the south, and the aftershock accelerations are larger to the northwest. We eliminate the site effects by forming the ratio of the peak accelerations recorded at the same station, after correcting for the epicentral distance. This analysis indicates that source direcUvity caused a total variation of a factor of 10 in the peak accelerations. Comparison of this variation with the spatia ! extent of the aftershock sequences suggests that the strong directivity in the radiated accelerations is the result of unilateral ruptures in both events. The accelerograms recorded at 10 stations within 35 km of the events were digitized to analyze the azimuthal variation of the rms acceleration, the peak velocity, and the radiated energy flux. The variation of rms acceleration correlates almost exactly with the variation of the peak accelerations. This correlation is analyzed using both deterministic and stochastic models for the acceleration waveforms. The peak velocities, corrected for epicentral distance, vary with azimuth by a factor of 5 for both events, while the radiated energy flux varies by a factor of 30 for the main shock and 15 for the aftershock. The peak velocities are strongly correlated with the radiated energy flux. The radiated seismic energies are estimated to be 2.6 ± 0.9 x 102° dyne-cm for the main shock and 1.5 ± 0.3 x 1020 dyne-cm for the aftershock

A SIMPLIFICATION IN THE CALCULATION OF MOTIONS NEAR A PROPAGATING DISLOCATION

ABSTRACT From Haskell's (1969) integral representations for the near-field displacements due to a propagating strike-slip and dip-slip dislocation, a solution is obtained for a dislocation "line source" by an analytic integration in the direction of the fault propagation. This reduces the numerical integration from a surface integral required for the usual evaluation of the near-field motion, to a one-dimensional integration over the fault width. Since the dislocation function modeled here is a Heaviside step function, these results may be extended to any arbitrary source time-function by convolving these displacements with the time derivative of the desired source function

Average body-wave radiation coefficients

ABSTRACT Averages of P-and S-wave radiation patterns over all azimuths and various ranges of takeoff angles (corresponding to observations at teleseismic, regional, and near distances) have been computed for use in seismological applications requiring average radiation coefficients. Various fault orientations and averages of the squared, absolute, and logarithmic radiation patterns have been considered. Effective radiation patterns combining high-frequency direct and surfacereflected waves from shallow faults have also been derived and used in the computation of average radiation coefficients at teleseismic distances. In most cases, the radiation coefficients are within a factor of 1.6 of the commonly used values of 0.52 and 0.63 for the rms of P-and S-wave radiation patterns, respectively, averaged over the whole focal sphere. The main exceptions to this conclusion are the coefficients for P waves at teleseismic distances from vertical strike-slip faults, which are at least a factor of 2.8 smaller than the commonly used value

Transfer of Madagascan species of Gnidia L. to Lasiosiphon Fresen. (Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaeoideae)

Thirteen of the fourteen Malagasy species of Gnidia are transferred to Lasiosiphon following its re-instatement based on systematic studies of the Thymelaeoideae. New combinations are made for five of the species and the new name Lasiosiphon leandrianus Boatwr. & J.C.Manning is provided for Gnidia decaryana Leandri. The generic affinity of Gnidia neglecta remains uncertain

Integrated sensor placement and leak localization using geospatial genetic algorithms

There is an urgent need to reduce water loss from drinking water distribution systems. A novel framework that integrates the placement of multiple pressure sensors and localization using geospatial techniques is developed and validated to find leaks/bursts as they occur within district meter areas (DMAs). A data-driven leak/burst localization technique, featuring a novel spatially constrained inverse-distance weighted interpolation technique, was developed that quantifies the change in pressure due to a new leak/burst event using pressure sensors deployed in a DMA. The integrated framework uses the same modeling results and geospatial search techniques in both the optimal sensor placement and leak/burst localization steps. It can be adapted for any data-driven or model-based leak/burst localization technique and is not dependent on high hydraulic model calibration requirements such as high density smart meter deployment. Validation is presented using data from 16 engineered events (field work flushing) conducted in an operational DMA. Results show good agreement between the leak/burst localization performance for real and modeled engineered events, demonstrating that the sensor placement technique can accurately predict the expected performance of an operational DMA. This is particularly the case as the number of optimal sensors increases. Engineered events as small as 3.5% of the peak daily flow (6% of the average daily flow) were correctly localized with search areas containing as few as 14% of the pipes in the DMA (using only four pressure sensors)

Perceptions of Women and Men Leaders Following 360‐Degree Feedback Evaluations

In this study, researchers used a customized 360‐degree method to examine the frequency with which 1,546 men and 721 women leaders perceived themselves and were perceived by colleagues as using 10 relational and 10 task‐oriented leadership behaviors, as addressed in the Management‐Leadership Practices Inventory (MLPI). As hypothesized, men and women leaders, as well as their supervisors, employees, and peers, perceived women leaders to employ nine of the 10 relational leadership behaviors significantly more frequently than men leaders. Additionally, the employees' perceptions of their women leaders' use of task‐oriented behaviors were significantly higher when compared to similar assessments from the employees of men leaders. However, the leaders as well as their supervisors and peers perceived men and women leaders' use of task‐oriented behaviors as approximately equal. Broader implications of these findings are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97470/1/21134_ftp.pd

Metastable aluminium atoms floating on the surface of helium nanodroplets

Metal atoms have proved to be sensitive probes of the properties of superfluid helium nanodroplets. To date, all experiments on the doping of helium droplets have concentrated on the attachment of metal atoms in their ground electronic states. Here we report the first examples of metal atoms in excited states becoming attached to helium nanodroplets. The atoms in question are aluminium and they have been generated by laser ablation in a metastable quartet state, which attaches to and remains on the surface of helium droplets. Evidence for a surface location comes from electronic spectra, which consist of very narrow absorption profiles that show very small spectral shifts. Supporting ab initio calculations show there to be an energy incentive for a metastable Al atom to remain on the surface of a helium droplet rather than move to the interior. The results suggest that helium droplets may provide a method for the capture and transport of metastable excited atomic and molecular species

Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes

Resolving the phylogenetic relationships of the deep nodes of papilionoid legumes (Papilionoideae) is essential to understanding the evolutionary history and diversification of this economically and ecologically important legume subfamily. The early-branching papilionoids include mostly Neotropical trees traditionally circumscribed in the tribes Sophoreae and Swartzieae. They are more highly diverse in floral morphology than other groups of Papilionoideae. For many years, phylogenetic analyses of the Papilionoideae could not clearly resolve the relation- ships of the early-branching lineages due to limited sampling. In the eight years since the publication of Legumes of the World, we have seen an extraordinary wealth of new molecular data for the study of Papilionoideae phylogeny, enabling increasingly greater resolution and many surprises. This study draws on recent molecular phylogenetic studies and a new comprehensive Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 668 plastid matK sequences. The present matK phylogeny resolves the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoids with increased support for many clades, and suggests that taxonomic realignments of some genera and of numerous tribes are necessary. The potentially earliest-branching papilionoids fall within an ADA clade, which includes the recircumscribed monophyletic tribes Angylocalyceae, Dipterygeae, and Amburanae. The genera Aldina and Amphimas represent two of the nine main but as yet unresolved lineages comprising the large 50-kb inversion clade. The quinolizidine-alkaloid-accumulating Genistoid s.l. clade is expanded to include Dermatophyllum and a strongly supported and newly circumscribed tribe Ormosieae. Sophoreae and Swartzieae are dramatically reorganized so as to comprise mono-phyletic groups within the Core Genistoid clade and outside the 50-kb inversion clade, respectively. Acosmium is excluded from the Genistoids s.l. and strongly resolved within the newly circumscribed tribe Dalbergieae. By providing a better resolved phylogeny of the earliest-branching papilionoids, this study, in combination with other recent evidence, will lead to a more stable phylogenetic classification of the Papilionoideae.Web of Scienc