El sistema urbano del Perú al inicio del siglo XXI, 2007-2017

The objective of the study is to explore the characteristics of the urbanization process and its territorial manifestations in Peru in the 2007-2017 period. In this phase of economic growth, urbanization accelerated as the degree and rate of urbanization increased; whereas, the national urban concentration was reduced slightly due to the lower dynamism of the large cities with respect to the medium and small cities; the urbanization was eminently coastal due to the demographic importance of Lima-Callao, meanwhile, in the highland and jungle regions the middle cities had greater demographic weight. Likewise, during the study period there was a greater dynamism in the cities of the mountains, which led to the weakening of urban concentration. Territorially, medium-sized towns are located at a higher altitude, large cities are located closer to the capital of the republic. Although urban poverty levels were reduced, but to a greater extent they are located in the jungle and mountains; urban poverty shows an inverse association with the size of cities; likewise, there is a positive association between poverty and distance, and poverty and the altitude of the localities.El objetivo del estudio es explorar las características del proceso de urbanización y sus manifestaciones territoriales en Perú en el periodo 2007-2017. En esta fase de crecimiento económico la urbanización se aceleró dado que el grado y la tasa de urbanización aumentaron; en tanto que, la concentración urbana nacional se redujo ligeramente debido al menor dinamismo de las ciudades grandes respecto a las ciudades medianas y pequeñas; la urbanización fue eminentemente costera por la importancia demográfica de Lima-Callao; por su parte, en las regiones de la sierra y selva tuvieron mayor peso demográfico las ciudades medias. Así mismo, en este periodo se observa un mayor dinamismo de las ciudades de la sierra lo que condujo el debilitamiento de la concentración urbana. Territorialmente las localidades medianas se encuentran localizadas a mayor altitud, las ciudades grandes se ubican más cercanas a la capital de la república. Si bien los niveles de pobreza urbana se redujeron, pero en mayor magnitud se encuentran localizados en la selva y sierra; la pobreza urbana muestra una asociación inversa con el tamaño de ciudades; así mismo, se observa una asociación positiva entre la pobreza y la distancia, y la pobreza y la altitud de las localidades

Inteligência emocional e procrastinação acadêmica em universitários em Peru

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Academic Procrastination (AP) in university students and to generate a predictive model. This study has a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional predictive design. Two hundred fifty-four students from different professional schools in Peru participated, whose ages fluctuated between 18 and 30 years. The Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Seniors (EQ-I-M20) and the Academic Procrastination Scale were administered. The findings show that 52 % of the participants have a high level of emotional intelligence, and 51.2 % have a high level of academic procrastination. The association between emotional intelligence and academic procrastination was significant and negative. The dimensions of emotional intelligence significantly predict academic procrastination, except for the intrapersonal dimension.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la Inteligencia Emocional (IE) y la Procrastinación Académica (PA) en estudiantes universitarios y generar un modelo predictivo. Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo y de diseño predictivo transversal. Participaron 254 estudiantes, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre los 18 y los 30 años, de distintas escuelas profesionales en Perú. Se administró el Inventario Breve de Inteligencia Emocional para Mayores (EQ-I-M20) y la Escala de Procrastinación Académica. Los hallazgos muestran que el 52 % de los participantes tienen un nivel alto de inteligencia emocional y el 51.2 % un nivel alto de procrastinación académica. La asociación entre la inteligencia emocional y la procrastinación académica fue significativa y negativa. Las dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional predicen significativamente la procrastinación académica, a excepción de la dimensión intrapersonal.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre Inteligência Emocional (IE) e Procrastinação Acadêmica (AP) em estudantes universitários e gerar um modelo preditivo. Este estudo tem uma abordagem quantitativa e um desenho preditivo transversal. Participaram 254 alunos, com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, de diferentes escolas profissionais em Peru. Foram aplicados o Inventário Breve de Inteligência Emocional para Idosos (EQ-I-M20) e a Escala de Procrastinação Acadêmica. Os resultados mostram que 52 % dos participantes têm um alto nível de inteligência emocional e 51,2 % um alto nível de procrastinação acadêmica. A associação entre inteligência emocional e procrastinação acadêmica foi significativa e negativa. As dimensões da inteligência emocional predizem significativamente a procrastinação acadêmica, com exceção da dimensão intrapessoal

Conducta del Puma Andino Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) en cautiverio Bajo un Programa de Enriquecimiento Ambiental en el Parque Zoológico «Taraccasa» (Apurímac, Perú)

An environmental enrichment programme was applied to pumas (Pumas concolor) of the Taraccasa Zoological Park in Abancay (Apurímac, Peru) to monitor behavioural changes. Four pumas or cougars (three females, one male) from 3 to 9 years old were observed. Four types of environmental enrichment were used: physical (wooden stools, tree trunks), food (equine meat, balanced feed for cats), sensorial (sacks with aromatic essences and spices, urine of foxes and deer), and social (balls made with equine skin). The study considered the stage prior to environmental enrichment (24 days) and the stage during environmental enrichment (24 days). The behaviours were recorded with video camera between 09:00 to 12:00 and between 16:00 to 18:00. Individual behaviours with a significant increase were body care, locomotion, observation, exploration, search (p<0.001) and reduction of abnormal behaviour such as pacing (p<0.001) was also observed, while group behaviours that increased were approximation and marking (p<0.001), and chasing decreased (p<0.001). It is concluded that the environmental enrichment programme applied to the pumas had a positive effect, increasing normal activity and social behaviours, and reducing stereotypy.Se aplicó un programa de enriquecimiento ambiental a pumas (Pumas concolor) del Parque Zoológico Taraccasa en Abancay (Apurímac, Perú) con el objetivo de monitorear cambios de conducta. Se observaron cuatro pumas (tres hembras, un macho) de 3 a 9 años de edad. Se utilizaron cuatro tipos de enriquecimiento ambiental: físico (taburetes de madera, troncos), alimenticio (carne de equino, alimento balanceado de gatos), sensorial (costales con esencias aromáticas y especias, orines de zorros y venados), y social (pelotas con piel de equino). El estudio consideró la etapa previa al enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días) y la etapa durante el enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días). Se registraron las conductas entre 09:00 a 12:00 y entre 16:00 a 18:00 con cámara de video. Las conductas individuales con incremento significativo fueron el cuidado corporal, locomoción, observación, exploración, búsqueda (p<0.001) y disminución de un comportamiento anormal como el pacing (p<0.001), mientras que en las conductas grupales que incrementaron la aproximación y marcaje (p<0.001) y disminuyó la persecución (p<0.001). Se concluye que el programa de enriquecimiento ambiental aplicado a los pumas tuvo un efecto positivo, al aumentar los comportamientos de actividad y sociales normales y disminuir la estereotipia

BEHAVIOR OF ANDEAN PUMA PUMA CONCOLOR (LINNAEUS, 1771) IN CAPTIVITY UNDER AN ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME IN THE ZOO «TARACCASA» (APURÍMAC, PERU)

Se aplicó un programa de enriquecimiento ambiental a pumas (Pumas concolor) del Parque Zoológico Taraccasa en Abancay (Apurímac, Perú) con el objetivo de monitorear cambios de conducta. Se observaron cuatro pumas (tres hembras, un macho) de 3 a 9 años de edad. Se utilizaron cuatro tipos de enriquecimiento ambiental: físico (taburetes de madera, troncos), alimenticio (carne de equino, alimento balanceado de gatos), sensorial (costales con esencias aromáticas y especias, orines de zorros y venados), y social (pelotas con piel de equino). El estudio consideró la etapa previa al enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días) y la etapa durante el enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días). Se registraron las conductas entre 09:00 a 12:00 y entre 16:00 a 18:00 con cámara de video. Las conductas individuales con incremento significativo fueron el cuidado corporal, locomoción, observación, exploración, búsqueda (p<0.001) y disminución de un comportamiento anormal como el pacing (p<0.001), mientras que en las conductas grupales se incrementaron la aproximación y el marcaje (p<0.001) y disminuyó la persecución (p<0.001). Se concluye que el programa de enriquecimiento ambiental aplicado a los pumas tuvo un efecto positivo, al aumentar los comportamientos de actividad y sociales normales y disminuir la estereotipia.Por pare

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Endoplasmic Reticulum Remodeling Tunes IP3-Dependent Ca2+ Release Sensitivity

The activation of vertebrate development at fertilization relies on IP3-dependent Ca2+ release, a pathway that is sensitized during oocyte maturation. This sensitization has been shown to correlate with the remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum into large ER patches, however the mechanisms involved are not clear. Here we show that IP3 receptors within ER patches have a higher sensitivity to IP3 than those in the neighboring reticular ER. The lateral diffusion rate of IP3 receptors in both ER domains is similar, and ER patches dynamically fuse with reticular ER, arguing that IP3 receptors exchange freely between the two ER compartments. These results suggest that increasing the density of IP3 receptors through ER remodeling is sufficient to sensitize IP3-dependent Ca2+ release. Mathematical modeling supports this concept of ‘geometric sensitization’ of IP3 receptors as a population, and argues that it depends on enhanced Ca2+-dependent cooperativity at sub-threshold IP3 concentrations. This represents a novel mechanism of tuning the sensitivity of IP3 receptors through ER remodeling during meiosis

Use of Individual-Level Covariates to Improve Latent Class Analysis of Trypanosoma Cruzi Diagnostic Tests

Statistical methods such as latent class analysis can estimate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests when no perfect reference test exists. Traditional latent class methods assume a constant disease prevalence in one or more tested populations. When the risk of disease varies in a known way, these models fail to take advantage of additional information that can be obtained by measuring risk factors at the level of the individual. We show that by incorporating complex field-based epidemiologic data, in which the disease prevalence varies as a continuous function of individual-level covariates, our model produces more accurate sensitivity and specificity estimates than previous methods. We apply this technique to several simulated populations and to actual Chagas disease test data from a community near Arequipa, Peru. Results from our model estimate that the first-line enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has a sensitivity of 78% (95% CI: 62-100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 99-100%). The confirmatory immunofluorescence assay is estimated to be 73% sensitive (95% CI: 65-81%) and 99% specific (95% CI: 96-100%)

The Effects of City Streets on an Urban Disease Vector.

With increasing urbanization vector-borne diseases are quickly developing in cities, and urban control strategies are needed. If streets are shown to be barriers to disease vectors, city blocks could be used as a convenient and relevant spatial unit of study and control. Unfortunately, existing spatial analysis tools do not allow for assessment of the impact of an urban grid on the presence of disease agents. Here, we first propose a method to test for the significance of the impact of streets on vector infestation based on a decomposition of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index; and second, develop a Gaussian Field Latent Class model to finely describe the effect of streets while controlling for cofactors and imperfect detection of vectors. We apply these methods to cross-sectional data of infestation by the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Our Moran’s decomposition test reveals that the distribution of T. infestans in this urban environment is significantly constrained by streets (p,0.05). With the Gaussian Field Latent Class model we confirm that streets provide a barrier against infestation and further show that greater than 90% of the spatial component of the probability of vector presence is explained by the correlation among houses within city blocks. The city block is thus likely to be an appropriate spatial unit to describe and control T. infestans in an urban context. Characteristics of the urban grid can influence the spatial dynamics of vector borne disease and should be considered when designing public health policies