Female Canadian university sexual assault survivors: why they do not report

Female Canadian university students are at a high risk for sexual victimization and as few as 5% report the assault. Various Canadian provincial governments have put forward legislation to develop and improve university sexual assault policies in order to decrease the number of sexual assault occurrences and to better support survivors. To inform such policies, it is important to understand why female university students do or do not report a sexual assault they have experienced; however there appears to be lacunae in the literature regarding factors that influence whether female university students report a sexual assault. The objective of the present study was to address the gaps in existing literature by examining how contextual, psychological, and reporting/legal factors relate to the reporting practices of female Canadian university sexual assault survivors. The findings from the present study show that the presence of physical injuries from the assault and seeking health services after the assault significantly increase the odds that survivors will report the assault to the authorities. Meanwhile, moderate to high levels of alcohol consumption (3 or more drinks) before the assault and having previously been sexually assaulted significantly decrease the odds that survivors will report the assault to the authorities. Weapon use, alcohol or drug use, psychological outcomes from the assault, fears regarding the legal process, and seeking counselling services did not significantly predict reporting. Such findings highlight that specific contextual factors and health service-seeking behaviours appear to play a significant role in reporting, while psychological factors and fear of being believed appear to be less significant than previous literature suggests

Variations in EMG Activity in Lower Leg Musculature with Use of the Biomechanical Ankle Platform System (BAPS)

Ankle sprains account for 17% to 20% of all injuries in most sports. Other ankle conditions such as posterior tibialis tendon disorder and Achilles tendinosis are quite common in the nonathletic population and require many of the same interventions. Some of these interventions include range of motion, stretching, strengthening and proprioception. Many studies have shown that strength and proprioceptive training are the intervention of choice for those with lateral ankle instability. Many of these studies have supported the use of BAPS in improving proprioception among individuals with lateral ankle instability, however there is only one study examining the use of BAPS for strengthening of the ankle musculature. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity level of lower leg musculature when using the BAPS with and without weights positioned on each quadrant of the board. This study focused on inversion and eversion motions, due to the frequency seen clinically of lateral instability resulting from ankle sprains. Twenty healthy female and ten healthy male volunteers from the community, faculty, staff, and student population at the University of North Dakota participated in the study. Electrodes were placed over the four muscles of interest (gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus) on the dominant lower extremity of each subject. Following practice repetitions, each subject performed trials of exercises on the BAPS, with and without weights positioned on each quadrant of the board as determined by random selection, in an eversion/inversion direction, while EMG recordings were made from the four muscles of interest. Results showed no significant difference in the EMG activity of the gastrocnemius, soleus, or anterior tibialis muscles among the 5 different weight placement conditions. A significant difference in EMG activity was found for peroneus longus when comparing all positions except for no weight vs anterolateral, no weight vs anteromedial, and anterolateral vs anteromedial. The difference in EMG activity of peroneus longus was the greatest with weight in the posterolateral position of the BAPS board. The results indicate an increase in EMG activity of peroneus longus with straight plane exercises. These findings further support the use of straight plane BAPS exercises for strengthening of the PL following an inversion ankle sprain

Prioritizing management actions for the Fraser River estuary

Conservation research has predominantly focused on identifying where and why species or habitats are under threat. While this is a crucial first step, it does not tell us how to optimize the allocation of resources in order to conserve threatened biodiversity. The time is ripe to focus on identifying the key management actions needed to respond to multiple threats and emerging risks. Using state-of-the-art techniques in conservation decision science, priority threat management assessment, and expert elicitation, we seek to identify the most ecologically effective and at the same time, least costly management actions needed to ensure the long-term persistence of at risk biodiversity of the Fraser River Estuary. This estuary is the mouth of the largest salmon bearing river in the world and a stopover point for more than one million migratory birds. Many species on the estuary are at risk due to water pollution and loss of habitat resulting from industrial and urban development, exploitation of fish stocks, and climate change. This study region serves as a prime example of a complex system under siege from multiple threats but with limited scientific data. We show that such systems can be analyzed to generate management actions ranked according to estimated cost, ecological benefits, the probability of success. Importantly, this analysis can clarify what can and cannot be achieved for different levels of conservation investment, and can be used to leverage increased investment in conservation management

Eclipsing binaries in the open cluster Ruprecht 147. II: EPIC 219568666

We report our spectroscopic monitoring of the detached, grazing, and slightly eccentric 12 day double-lined eclipsing binary EPIC 219568666 in the old nearby open cluster Ruprecht 147. This is the second eclipsing system to be analyzed in this cluster, following our earlier study of EPIC 219394517. Our analysis of the radial velocities combined with the light curve from the K2 mission yields absolute masses and radii for EPIC 219568666 of M₁ = 1.121 ± 0.013 M☉ and R₁ = 1.1779 ± 0.0070 R☉ for the F8 primary and M₂ = 0.7334 ± 0.0050 M☉ and R₂ = 0.640 ± 0.017 R☉ for the faint secondary. Comparison with current stellar evolution models calculated for the known metallicity of the cluster points to a primary star that is oversized, as is often seen in active M dwarfs, but this seems rather unlikely for a star of its mass and with a low level of activity. Instead, we suspect a subtle bias in the radius ratio inferred from the photometry, despite our best efforts to avoid it, which may be related to the presence of spots on one or both stars. The radius sum for the binary, which bypasses this possible problem, indicates an age of 2.76 ± 0.61 Gyr, which is in good agreement with a similar estimate from the binary in our earlier study

Fundamental Properties of Kepler Planet-Candidate Host Stars using Asteroseismology

We have used asteroseismology to determine fundamental properties for 66 Kepler planet-candidate host stars, with typical uncertainties of 3% and 7% in radius and mass, respectively. The results include new asteroseismic solutions for four host stars with confirmed planets (Kepler-4, Kepler-14, Kepler-23 and Kepler-25) and increase the total number of Kepler host stars with asteroseismic solutions to 77. A comparison with stellar properties in the planet-candidate catalog by Batalha et al. shows that radii for subgiants and giants obtained from spectroscopic follow-up are systematically too low by up to a factor of 1.5, while the properties for unevolved stars are in good agreement. We furthermore apply asteroseismology to confirm that a large majority of cool main-sequence hosts are indeed dwarfs and not misclassified giants. Using the revised stellar properties, we recalculate the radii for 107 planet candidates in our sample, and comment on candidates for which the radii change from a previously giant-planet/brown-dwarf/stellar regime to a sub-Jupiter size, or vice versa. A comparison of stellar densities from asteroseismology with densities derived from transit models in Batalha et al. assuming circular orbits shows significant disagreement for more than half of the sample due to systematics in the modeled impact parameters, or due to planet candidates which may be in eccentric orbits. Finally, we investigate tentative correlations between host-star masses and planet candidate radii, orbital periods, and multiplicity, but caution that these results may be influenced by the small sample size and detection biases.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ; machine-readable versions of tables 1-3 are available as ancillary files or in the source code; v2: minor changes to match published versio

Race Place and Capital Workshop

This workshop will look at a series of questions that have in common a theoretical concern with Race, Place, and Capital. Participants will address issues of empire, development, transnationalism, and policing.Mershon Center for International Security StudiesDepartment of Political ScienceCriminal Justice Research CenterCenter for Interdisciplinary Law and Policy Studie

Intergenerational residential school attendance and increased substance use among First Nation adults living off-reserve: An analysis of the aboriginal peoples survey 2017

IntroductionThe Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRCC) published 94 Calls to Action in 2015 to address long-term, intergenerational effects of the residential school system, highlighting the pervasive impact of colonialism on the wellbeing of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Indeed, research with Indigenous populations in Canada has captured that prior experiences of residential schools contributes to the intergenerational transmission of mental and physical health disparities. Despite these studies, further research is needed that contextualizes the influence of residential schools within broader frameworks that consider Indigenous social determinants of health in Canada. As such, the purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of substance use and mental and physical health among individuals with a history of residential school attendance (RSA) and individuals reporting parent or two-generation (parent and grandparent) RSA.MethodData from the Aboriginal Peoples Survey (2017), involving 10,030 First Nations individuals living off reserve, were analyzed.ResultsSelf-reported mental and physical health scores were significantly lower among those had attended residential schools, whose parents attended residential schools, and whose grandparents attended residential schools, when compared to those who did not. Further, family RSA was associated with increased substance use among participants, though the findings were variable based on sex and specific substance analyzed. Meanwhile, individual and family RSA was not associated with increased likelihood of a mental health diagnosis.DiscussionThese findings provide additional support for how both parental and two-generation family histories of RSA are associated with individual physical and mental health outcomes. Further, these findings articulate the need for the TRCC's Calls to Action to be actually implemented, including community-based approaches that harness the strength of Indigenous people and communities who aim to close the gap in these health disparities for their children and families

Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets : The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Chloroquine for the Treatment of Dengue in Vietnamese Adults

There is no available drug or vaccine against dengue, an acute viral disease that affects ∼50 million people annually in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Chloroquine (CQ), a cheap and well-tolerated drug, inhibits the growth of dengue viruses in the laboratory with concentrations achievable in the body. To measure the antiviral efficacy of CQ in dengue, we conducted a study involving 307 adults with suspected dengue. Patients received a 3-day oral dosage of placebo or CQ early in their illness. Unfortunately, we did not see an effect of CQ on the duration of viral infection. We did, however, observe that CQ had a modest anti-fever effect. In patients treated with CQ, we observed a trend towards a lower incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever, a severe form of dengue. We did not find any differences in the immune response that can explain this trend. We also found more adverse events, primarily vomiting, with CQ. This trial provides valuable new information on how to perform trials of antiviral drugs for dengue