La administración de la educación no formal aplicada a las organizaciones sociales: Aproximaciones teórico-prácticas

En el artículo se analiza el quehacer de la administración de la educación no formal en dos dimensiones fundamentales: una relacionada con la administración en general, que incluye la formulación, el diseño, la organización, la ejecución, el monitoreo y la evaluación de los planes, programas y proyectos, según sus actividades y tareas; la otra, vinculada a factores socioeducativos y pedagógicos, donde predominan los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje inherentes a las acciones de esa modalidad educativa. Asimismo, se define conceptualmente la educación no formal, informal y formal, así como los ámbitos de acción de la educación no formal y sus principales proyecciones para lograr insertarse en programas atinentes a las condiciones y necesidades de las diversas poblaciones

Audiomagnetotelluric investigation of seawater intrusion using 2-D inversion of invariant impedances

An audio-magnetotelluric survey was conducted to estimate the extension of the seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer, in Ensenada, Baja California, México. The survey consisted of 134 closely spaced sites along three profiles 5 to 6 km long. The four elements of the impedance tensor were measured at every observation site and used to estimate the series and parallel (s-p) invariant impedances. 2-D resistivity models were obtained along each profile using a Gauss-Newton regularized inversion process. The seawater intrusion is clearly shown in the resulting models as highly conductive anomalies. In some places, the resistivity models show the bedrock and the basement faults in good agreement with structures interpreted from gravity and magnetic modeling. Based on the information provided by the resistivity models and using the available hydrogeologic information, we used Archie's law in an attempt to gain insights about porosity and TDS distributions in the aquifer. Porosity values between 15 and 25% near the surface reasonably predict the TDS values observed in several shallow wells in the area. TDS values range from 40 g/l typical for seawater to 1 g/l in the eastern edge of the basin, 4 km Hawai from the coastline. The best conditions were found in Profile 2, were the resistivity model predicts TDS values close to 1 g/l below 100 m depth at sites located further than 1 km from the coast. The above results show that s-p invariant impedances produced geologically plausible resistivity models. Hence, they might be a convenient set of magnetotelluric responses to be used for routine 2-D inversion of AMT data

Una nova necròpoli tumular en la Foia de Zucaina: Peñas de Villanueva (Zucaina, Alt Millars)

Resultats preliminars de la campanya d’excavació del 2014 en l’àrea de la necròpoli tumular Las Peñas de Villanueva. L’aspecte més rellevant d’aquesta campanya ha estat fonamentalment la localització d’una agrupació tumular que consta de dos túmuls.Preliminary results of the 2014 campaign of excavation in the area of the burial necropolis of Las Peñas de Villanueva. The most relevant aspect of this campaign has primarily been the location of a burial group consisting of two burial mounds

Spike Processing on an Embedded Multi-task Computer: Image Reconstruction

There is an emerging philosophy, called Neuro-informatics, contained in the Artificial Intelligence field, that aims to emulate how living beings do tasks such as taking a decision based on the interpretation of an image by emulating spiking neurons into VLSI designs and, therefore, trying to re-create the human brain at its highest level. Address-Event-Representation (AER) is a communication protocol that has embedded part of the processing. It is intended to transfer spikes between bioinspired chips. An AER based system may consist of a hierarchical structure with several chips that transmit spikes among them in real-time, while performing some processing. There are several AER tools to help to develop and test AER based systems. These tools require the use of a computer to allow the higher level processing of the event information, reaching very high bandwidth at the AER communication level. We propose the use of an embedded platform based on a multi-task operating system to allow both, the AER communication and processing without the requirement of either a laptop or a computer. In this paper, we present and study the performance of a new philosophy of a frame-grabber AER tool based on a multi-task environment. This embedded platform is based on the Intel XScale processor which is governed by an embedded GNU/Linux system. We have connected and programmed it for processing Address-Event information from a spiking generator.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TEC2006-11730-C03-0

Estrategias pedagógicas administrativas para fomentar actitudes de emprendimiento en los alumnos de la escuela profesional de Administración de la FACEAC de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo

Las limitaciones que presentan para abordar temas de emprendimiento en el diseño curricular, la falta de resultados de una actitud positiva de emprendimiento, y ausencia de proyectos de creación de empresas; lo que dificulta su contribución y el de la UNPRG, al desarrollo de la región y del país, son expresiones de la deficiente actitud de emprendimiento de los alumnos de Escuela profesional de Administración, de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo de Lambayeque Es por ello que la presente investigación tiene como objetivo, diseñar, elaborar y fundamentar un programa de estrategias pedagógicas administrativas para mejorar la actitud emprendedora de los mismos. Este trabajo estuvo enmarcado dentro de una metodología descriptiva, explicativa y propositiva, de tipo crítica cuasi experimental, conceptualizando las variables de tipo causa – efecto. Posteriormente se elaboró y empleo una serie de técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos, específicamente la observación, encuestas y entrevistas, las cuales fueron aplicados a 112 estudiantes y 20 docentes; con la finalidad de identificar los niveles de actitudes de emprendimiento alcanzados. Luego se elaboró un marco teórico en base del análisis, jerarquización y estudio crítico de la actitudes de emprendimiento – teorías pedagógicas, psicológicas y de emprendimiento, para proporcionar la descripción y explicación del problema, interpretación de los resultados de la investigación y la elaboración teórica de la propuesta. En los resultados se constató los bajos niveles de actitudes de emprendimiento de la mayoría de los alumnos; concluyéndose, que la realización de un diagnóstico permitió identificar los niveles alcanzados por las dificultades en las actitudes de emprendimiento, que el marco teórico facilitó la descripción y explicación del problema, interpretar los resultados de la investigación y en base a ello se diseñó, elaboró y fundamentó un programa de estrategias pedagógicas administrativas como propuesta de solución para superar las deficiencias de actitudes de emprendimiento de los alumnos de la Escuela de Administración

Efectos de una intervención motivacional basada en los resultados de una espirometría sobre el abandono del tabaquismo en fumadores en Atención Primaria: Estudio aleatorizado, controlado, paralelo y multicéntrico

L'objectiu és avaluar l'eficàcia del consell sanitari breu combinat amb la informació detallada dels resultats d'una espirometria, sobre l'abandonament del tabac a llarg termini en fumadors sense patologia respiratòria, així com identificar els factors determinants de l'abandonament del tabaquisme. Es va dissenyar un assaig clínic aleatoritzat, paral•lel, controlat i multicèntric. Van participar 571 fumadors actius d'ambdós sexes, majors de 35 anys, sense antecedents de patologia respiratòria prèvia, amb espirometria normal, de 12 centres de salut de Tarragona. Després de l'aleatorització, 286 fumadors del grup intervenció van rebre: a) informació detallada dels paràmetres espiromètrics i b) consell sanitari breu; i 285 fumadors del grup control van rebre: a) informació d'espirometria normal i b) consell sanitari breu. Als 6 mesos, els participants van rebre un recordatori de la informació sobre l'espirometria i el consell sanitari breu, segons el grup assignat. Als 12 mesos, en la visita final, es va valorar l'hàbit tabàquic. Es van comparar les taxes d'abstinència perllongada a 6 i 12 mesos (validada per coximetría), entre els dos grups. Els resultats observats mostren que en els fumadors sense patologia respiratòria coneguda: 1) La informació detallada dels paràmetres espiromètrics combinada amb el consell sanitari breu duplica les taxes d'abstinència perllongada a 6 ia 12 mesos, respecte al consell aïllat (13, 2% vs 7,7% i 5,6% vs 2,1%; respectivament); 2) Els factors que determinen significativament major probabilitat d'abandó del tabac són: la intervenció rebuda (RR 1,76), el sexe masculí (RR 1,83), un major grau de motivació (RR 1,80), una fase de procés de canvi avançada RR 2,62) i l'ús de tractaments farmacològics específics per deixar de fumar (RR 3,17). En resum, la informació detallada de les dades de l'espirometria és eficaç en la lluita contra el tabaquisme.El objetivo es evaluar la eficacia del consejo sanitario breve combinado con la información detallada de los resultados de una espirometría, sobre el abandono del tabaco a largo plazo en fumadores sin patología respiratoria, así como identificar los factores determinantes del abandono del tabaquismo. Se diseñó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, paralelo, controlado y multicéntrico. Participaron 571 fumadores activos de ambos sexos, mayores de 35 años, sin antecedentes de patología respiratoria previa, con espirometría normal, pertenecientes a 12 centros de salud de Tarragona. Después de la aleatorización, 286 fumadores del grupo intervención recibieron: a) información detallada de los parámetros espirométricos y b) consejo sanitario breve; y 285 fumadores del grupo control recibieron: a) información de espirometría normal y b) consejo sanitario breve. A los 6 meses, los participantes recibieron un recordatorio de la información sobre la espirometría y el consejo sanitario breve, según el grupo asignado. A los 12 meses, en la visita final, se valoró el hábito tabáquico. Se compararon las tasas de abstinencia prolongada a 6 y 12 meses (validada por coximetría), entre los dos grupos. Los resultados observados muestran que en los fumadores sin patología respiratoria conocida: 1) La información detallada de los parámetros espirométricos combinada con el consejo sanitario breve duplica las tasas de abstinencia prolongada a 6 y a 12 meses, respecto al consejo aislado (13,2% vs 7,7% y 5,6% vs 2,1%; respectivamente); 2) Los factores que determinan significativamente mayor probabilidad de abandono del tabaco son: la intervención recibida (OR 1,76), el sexo masculino (OR 1,83), un mayor grado de motivación (OR 1,80), una fase de proceso de cambio avanzada (OR 2,62) y el uso de tratamientos farmacológicos específicos para dejar de fumar (OR 3,17). En resumen, la información detallada de los datos de la espirometría es eficaz en la lucha contra el tabaquismo.The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of brief health advice combined with detailed information on the results of a spirometry, on a long term cessation of tobacco consumption in smokers without respiratory disease, as well as to identify the determinants of smoking cessation. A randomized, parallel, controlled, multicentre clinical trial was designed, where 571 active smokers regardless gender, older than 35 years, with no previous respiratory disease, normal spirometry results and belonging to 12 health centres in Tarragona (Spain) participated. After randomization, 286 smokers in the intervention group received: a) detailed information of spirometric values, b) brief health advice; and the remaining 285 smokers in the control group received: a) spirometry information as normal test; b) brief health advice. After 6 months, according to the assigned group, participants received a reminder about spirometry information and brief health advice. After 12 months, smoking was assessed at the final visit. Prolonged abstinence rates at 6 and 12 months between the two groups were compared (validated by co-oximetry). The observed results show that smokers without a respiratory known disease: 1) detailed information of spirometric values combined with brief health advice, duplicate prolonged abstinence rates at 6 and at 12 months, compared to the brief health advice (13,2% vs. 7.7% and 5.6% vs. 2.1% respectively); 2) the factors determining significantly more likelihood to quit smoking are: the received intervention (RR 1.76), male sex (RR 1.83), greater motivation (RR 1.80), phase of advanced process change (RR 2.62) and use of specific drug treatments for smoking cessation (RR 3.17). In summary, the detailed information of spirometric values is effective in the fight against smoking

Low-cost mobile open-circuit hood system for measuring gas exchange in small ruminants: from manual to automatic recording

Table 2 contained an incorrect footnote. The correct version is supplied at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000556[EN] Improvements of a home-made mobile open-circuit respirometry system for the rapid determination of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production, oxygen (O-2) consumption and, thereafter, heat production (HP) for small ruminants are described and validated. Upgrades consisted of three main features: utilization of a head hood (replacing the previous face mask); use of a computerized control system, data acquisition and recording for gases and air flux (replacing collecting bags for air sampling); and use of a gas cooler to remove the air sample moisture (replacing the chemical drier (silica gel) approach). Calibration factors were established by injecting nitrogen (N-2) and CO2 in the system into the head hood. Repetitive and consistent values for the calibration factor were obtained for O-2 and CO2 which confirmed the absence of leaks and the good performance of the system. In addition, an experimental test with 12 Manchega female dry sheep was conducted to validate the system. Three diets based on cereal grain, fibrous by-products and alfalfa hay (ALH) were used with four sheep per diet. Metabolizable energy intake was close to metabolizable energy for maintenance. Average HP measured by indirect calorimetry (respiratory quotient (RQ) method) was close to the average HP determined from Carbon-Nitrogen balance (CN method) accounting for 443 and 426 kJ/kg(075) body weight (BW) per day, respectively. Fasting HP was determined by the RQ method with two sheep from the ALH diet accounting for 269 kJ/kg(075) BW per day. The head hood and computerized control, data acquisition and recording as well as the gas cooler improved the system by reducing the labour input without loss of functionality for measuring gas exchange and energy metabolism in small ruminantsThis study was supported by INIA Project (ref. no. RTA2011-00107-C02-02).Fernández Martínez, CJ.; López Luján, MDC.; Lachica, M. (2015). Low-cost mobile open-circuit hood system for measuring gas exchange in small ruminants: from manual to automatic recording. Journal of Agricultural Science. 153(7):1302-1309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000416S130213091537Tovar-Luna, I., Puchala, R., Sahlu, T., Freetly, H. C., & Goetsch, A. L. (2010). Effects of stage of lactation and dietary concentrate level on energy utilization by Alpine dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4818-4828. doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3315Freetly, H. C., Nienaber, J. A., Leymaster, K. A., & Jenkins, T. G. (1995). Relationships among heat production, body weight, and age in Suffolk and Texel ewes. Journal of Animal Science, 73(4), 1030-1037. doi:10.2527/1995.7341030xJust A. , Fernández J. A. & Jørgensen H. (1982). Nitrogen balance studies and nitrogen retention. In Digestive Physiology in the Pig. 2nd International Seminar Jouy-en-Josas, Versailles, 27–29 October 1982 (Eds J. P. LaPlace , J. Corring & A. Rerat ), pp. 111–122. Paris, France: INRA.Blaxter, K. L. (1967). Techniques in energy metabolism studies and their limitations. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 26(1), 86-96. doi:10.1079/pns19670016Fernández, C., López, M. C., & Lachica, M. (2012). Heat production determined by the RQ and CN methods, fasting heat production and effect of the energy intake on substrates oxidation of indigenous Manchega sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178(1-2), 115-119. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.007Lachica, M., & Aguilera, J. F. (2008). Methods to estimate the energy expenditure of goats: From the lab to the field. Small Ruminant Research, 79(2-3), 179-182. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.07.016Lachia, M., Aguilera, J. F., & Prieto, L. C. (1997). Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form. British Journal of Nutrition, 77(3), 417-426. doi:10.1079/bjn19970042Fernández, C., López, M. C., & Lachica, M. (2012). Description and function of a mobile open-circuit respirometry system to measure gas exchange in small ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172(3-4), 242-246. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.01.006Freetly, H. C., Nienaber, J. A., & Brown-Brandl, T. (2002). Relationships among heat production, body weight, and age in Finnsheep and Rambouillet ewes2. Journal of Animal Science, 80(3), 825-832. doi:10.2527/2002.803825xKelly, J. M., Kerrigan, B., Milligan, L. P., & McBride, B. W. (1994). Development of a mobile, open-circuit indirect calorimetry system. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 74(1), 65-71. doi:10.4141/cjas94-010Christensen, K., Chwalibog, A., Henckel, S., & Thorbek, G. (1988). Heat production in growing pigs calculated according to the RQ and CN methods. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 91(3), 463-468. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(88)90619-6YOUNG, B. A., WALKER, V. A., & WHITMORE, W. T. (1988). PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING RESTING AND SUMMIT METABOLISM IN SHEEP AND CALVES. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 68(1), 173-182. doi:10.4141/cjas88-016Brouwer E. (1965). Report of subcommittee on constraints and factors. In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Energy Metabolism (Ed. K. L. Blaxter ), pp. 441–445. EAAP Publication No. 11. London: Academic Press.Brockway, J. M., Boyne, A. W., & Gordon, J. G. (1971). Simultaneous calibration of gas analyzers and meters. Journal of Applied Physiology, 31(2), 296-297. doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.31.2.296Lachica, M., & Aguilera, J. F. (2005). Energy expenditure of walk in grassland for small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 59(2-3), 105-121. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.002Puchala, R., Tovar-Luna, I., Goetsch, A. L., Sahlu, T., Carstens, G. E., & Freetly, H. C. (2007). The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure in Alpine, Angora, Boer and Spanish goat wethers consuming different quality diets at level of intake near maintenance or fasting. Small Ruminant Research, 70(2-3), 183-193. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.03.002Takahashi, J., Chaudhry, A. ., Beneke, R. ., & Young, B. . (1999). An open-circuit hood system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 32(1), 31-36. doi:10.1016/s0921-4488(98)00163-1Takahashi, J., & Young, B. A. (1992). The modulation of nitrate-enhanced hypothermia by sulphur compounds in cold-exposed sheep. 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Analysis of low-pressure exhaust gases recirculation transport and control in transient operation of automotive diesel engines

[EN] The objective of the study is to determine the behavior of the low pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP EGR) transport phenomena in the intake manifold during engine transient operation. The investigation also analyzes the influence of the propagation of the pressure waves in the intake manifold on the engine performance. In this sense, there is a clear trade-off: long intake lines improve the engine volumetric efficiency at low engine speeds but delay the EGR transport in the system. The experiments were performed on a test bench with a 1.6 liter Euro-5 specification diesel engine. A CO2 fast tracking measurement device was setup and placed in two locations in the intake line in order to track the EGR transport in transient operation. The CO2 concentration is acquired with crank-angle resolution. Three different engine transients at constant engine speed were studied. They are extreme and worst-case scenarios in driving situations: (i) from low load to full load, (ii) from full load to low load, and (iii) from low load to medium load. In this way, it is possible to observe the behavior of the engine when: (i) leaving the EGR zone, (ii) entering into the EGR zone, and (iii) changing operating point without leaving the EGR zone. A consistent methodology that combines experimental results and a 1D model capable to predict the behavior of the engine was developed. The results obtained in this investigation show a relevant phenomenon: depending on the synchronization of the EGR and Exhaust Throttle (ET) valves, an overshoot occurs when the engine enters into EGR zone. In this study, the results show the importance of the synchronization of the valves that control the EGR strategy. Comparisons between measured and modeled CO2 concentrations lead to conclude that the EGR transport during engine transient operation is correctly predicted within a 1D engine code.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Miguel-García, J. (2018). Analysis of low-pressure exhaust gases recirculation transport and control in transient operation of automotive diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering. 137:184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.085S18419213

Switching strategy between HP (high pressure)- and LPEGR (low pressure exhaust gas recirculation) systems for reduced fuel consumption and emissions

EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) plays a major role in current Diesel internal combustion engines as a cost-effective solution to reduce NO emissions. EGR systems will suffer a significant evolution with the introduction of NO after-treatment and the proliferation of more complex EGR architectures such as low pressure EGR or dual EGR. In this paper the combination of HPEGR (high pressure EGR) LPEGR (low pressure EGR) is presented as a method to minimise fuel consumption with reduced NOx emissions. Particularly, the paper proposes to switch between HPEGR and LPEGR architectures depending on the engine operating conditions in order to exploit the potential of both systems. In this sense, given a driving cycle, in the case at hand the NEDC, the proposed strategy seeks the EGR layout to use at each instant of the cycle to minimise the fuel consumption such that NO emissions are kept below a certain limit. The experimental results obtained show that combining both EGR systems sequentially along the NEDC allows to keep NO emission below a much lower limit with minimum fuel consumption.This work has been partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia through Project INNPACTO EGRCOEN.Lujan Martinez, JM.; Guardiola García, C.; Pla Moreno, B.; Reig, A. (2015). Switching strategy between HP (high pressure)- and LPEGR (low pressure exhaust gas recirculation) systems for reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Energy. 90:1790-1798. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.138S179017989

SINOPSIS DE CROTON (EUPHORBIACEAE) EN LOS ANDES DE MÉRIDA, VENEZUELA

Se realizó una sinopsis taxonómica del género Croton en los Andes de Mérida, Venezuela. Se analizaron caracteres vegetativos en 245 especímenes y se hizo un análisis de agrupamiento que resultó en la identificación de 21 grupos discretos a los cuales les fueron asignadas las identidades taxonómicas específicas más apropiadas. De estas 21 especies, C. pedicellatus representa un nuevo registro para Venezuela, C. fragilis, C. speciosus y C. redolens son nuevos registros para la región andina. Se proponen 2 nuevos sinónimos (C. chamanus bajo C. conduplicatus y C. timotensis bajo C. pungens) y se designan 3 lectotipos (C. pungens, C. ovalifolius y C. speciosus). Se discuten las relaciones entre las especies y se incluye una clave para su identificación