A brief explanation of Kant's Enlightenment article

A presentation of Kant's idea for enlightenment process that was happening at that time. I try to be objective as it is needed to give a thorough explanation for what was the main subject in this process. Kant explains the main idea of enlightenment and describes it with examples for which stands descriptive and understandable for that period

Notes and comments on Leibniz's Contigency

Contigency is a definition for which is noted for not having the principle of contradiction in itself, for which gives a different truths from what we are used to derive from geometry as an essential field for knowledge of creating strong logics. Leibniz clearly states one of his ideas for God, and why there must be contigent truths and necessary truths

Panel Data Econometrics in R: The plm Package

Panel data econometrics is obviously one of the main fields in the profession, but most of the models used are difficult to estimate with R. plm is a package for R which intends to make the estimation of linear panel models straightforward. plm provides functions to estimate a wide variety of models and to make (robust) inference.

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Periodic scheduling of marked graphs using balanced binary words

This report presents an algorithm to statically schedule live and strongly connected Marked Graphs (MG). The proposed algorithm computes the best execution where the execution rate is maximal and place sizes are minimal. The proposed algorithm provides transition schedules represented as binary words. These words are chosen to be balanced. The contributions of this paper is the proposed algorithm itself along with the characterization of the best execution of any MG.Comment: No. RR-7891 (2012

Quantum Interactions Between Non-Perturbative Vacuum Fields

We develop an approach to investigate the non-perturbative dynamics of quantum field theories, in which specific vacuum field fluctuations are treated as the low-energy dynamical degrees of freedom, while all other vacuum field configurations are explicitly integrated out from the path integral. We show how to compute the effective interaction between the vacuum field degrees of freedom both perturbatively (using stochastic perturbation theory) and fully non-perturbatively (using lattice field theory simulations). The present approach holds to all orders in the couplings and does not rely on the semi-classical approximation.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

Interband and intraband optical transitions in InAs nanocrystal quantum dots: A pseudopotential approach

An atomistic pseudopotential method is used to investigate the electronic and optical properties of spherical InAs nanocrystals. Our calculated interband (valence-to-conduction) absorption spectra reproduce the features observed experimentally both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results relative to intraband (valence-to-valence and conduction-to-conduction) absorption successfully reproduce the recently measured photoinduced absorption spectra, which had so far been addressed only qualitatively. They exclude the hypothesis of a thermal activation process between dot-interior-delocalized hole states to explain the temperature dependence observed experimentally. Furthermore, based on the agreement of our data with the experimental valence intersublevel transitions and the almost complete overlap of the latter with scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) measurements, we question the simplistic attribution of the observed STM peaks obtained for negative bias