The influence of risk perception and scrambling on students performance

[SPA] En este trabajo se analiza si existe una variación en las calificaciones de los estudiantes como consecuencia del orden de las preguntas y de las penalizaciones de las respuestas incorrectas. Se han creado dos escenarios que incluyen diferentes exámenes según diferente ordenación de contenidos y riesgo percibido. Utilizando una muestra de 764 exámenes de primer grado de Relaciones Laborales y Gestión de Recursos Humanos de la Universidad de Murcia, los resultados indican que hay diferencias en el procedimiento de respuesta que afecta a la nota final, cuando las percepciones de riesgo de los estudiantes son diferentes. Por otra parte, el efecto de orden también influye en el procedimiento de respuesta, influyendo asimismo en las calificaciones finales de los alumnos en función del escenario de riesgo al que los estudiantes se enfrentan. [ENG] This paper analyzes if there is a variation in students’ marks due to the type of multiple choice exam in relation to the order of the questions and the penalty of the incorrect answers. We create two scenarios including exams sorted both by different order content and by different level of risk borne. Using a sample of 764 multiple choice exams of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management Grades of University of Murcia (Spain), results lead us to affirm that there are differences in the answer’s procedure, affecting the final marks when risk perceptions of the students are different. Moreover, the order effect also influences the response procedure and its effects on the final marks of the students depending on the risk scenario the students are facing

Retribución de la alta dirección, estructura del consejo de administración y resultados

Resultados empíricos previos muestran distintas contradicciones cuando se relaciona la retribución de los miembros del equipo de alta dirección, la estructura del consejo de administración y los resultados alcanzados por la empresa. Un menor número de consejeros y una mayor proporción de consejeros externos se asocian a una mayor supervisión, pero no hay consenso sobre el efecto en el nivel retributivo del equipo de alta dirección. Esta falta de consenso se agrava cuando se analiza el efecto sobre los resultados. En este trabajo ofrecemos un marco teórico y un estudio empírico basado en la metodología de datos de panel, que permite explicar por qué los análisis previos difieren. En el contexto del mercado español se confirman las perspectivas del procesamiento de la información, que vinculan la sobredimensión del consejo con una mayor retribución del equipo de alta dirección. Asimismo, la mayor proporción de consejeros externos reduce el nivel retributivo del equipo de alta dirección al aumentar la supervisión y reducir el poder de los internos. Por último, se obtiene una relación cuadrática entre los resultados de la empresa y la retribución del equipo de alta dirección. Esta relación permite explicar, conjuntamente, un efecto positivo, defendido desde la teoría de la agencia, sobre los resultados de la empresa a niveles bajos de retribución de los miembros del equipo alta dirección y un efecto negativo, como consecuencia de una mayor discreción de éstos a niveles altos.Previous empirical results reveal various contradictions when relating top management compensation, board structure and levels of performance. While fewer directors and more external directors is associated with better supervision, there is no agreement on the effect on top management compensation level. This lack of consensus is even more noticeable when analysing the effect performance. This paper offers a theoretical framework and a panel data methodology based empirical study to account for how earlier analyses have differed. Given the great board dimension in the Spanish market, information processing perspectives are confirmed which link positively board size with higher top management compensation. Similarly, a higher proportion of external directors reduces top management compensation level since it improves supervision and reduces insiders’ power. Finally, a quadratic relation is obtained between performance and top management compensation. This relation explains both a positive effect, supported by agency theory on performance at low levels of management compensation, and a negative effect as a consequence of higher managers’ discretion at high levels

Excess executive compensation and corporate governance in the United Kingdom and Spain: a comparative analysis

Literature on executive compensation has relatively neglected the impact of institutional governance contexts. Regarding filling this gap, this study examines the influence of governance mechanisms on excess executive compensation comparing a set of listed UK and Spanish firms on an 8-year panel data. Findings indicate that Spanish firms are characterized by higher excess executive compensation than UK firms because of the less effectiveness of ownership structure and board of directors. Differences in concentration and structure of ownership as well as in composition and size of boards result in more aligned executive compensation design in the UK firms.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidade

Contribución de las políticas públicas a la realización efectiva de los derechos de la mujer

En el presente estudio se parte de que la protección efectiva e integral de los derechos de las mujeres constituye una de las tareas inacabadas de mayor alcance en las sociedades contemporáneas. En él se analizan las políticas públicas que desde un enfoque de la igualdad y no discriminación tienen influencia en las esferas pública y privada; tratándose todo ello conforme a los postulados de la Ley Orgánica española 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres. Por último, se aportan veintiséis recomendaciones y propuestas para hacer que los derechos de las mujeres sean tomados en serioIn this study the premise is the effective and comprehensive protection of women's rights as one of the most important pending duties of modern society. Public policies are analysed from the perspective of equality and non‐discrimination in public and private fields, all of which are considered in accordance with the Fundamental Act 3/2007 of 22nd March, for the effective equality between women and men. Lastly, twenty‐six recommendations are proposed in order that women's rights may be taken seriously

Contribución de las políticas públicas a la realización efectiva de los derechos de la mujer

En el presente estudio se parte de que la protección efectiva e integral de los derechos de las mujeres constituye una de las tareas inacabadas de mayor alcance en las sociedades contemporáneas. En él se analizan las políticas públicas que desde un enfoque de la igualdad y no discriminación tienen influencia en las esferas pública y privada; tratándose todo ello conforme a los postulados de la Ley Orgánica española 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres. Por último, se aportan veintiséis recomendaciones y propuestas para hacer que los derechos de las mujeres sean tomados en serioIn this study the premise is the effective and comprehensive protection of women's rights as one of the most important pending duties of modern society. Public policies are analysed from the perspective of equality and non‐discrimination in public and private fields, all of which are considered in accordance with the Fundamental Act 3/2007 of 22nd March, for the effective equality between women and men. Lastly, twenty‐six recommendations are proposed in order that women's rights may be taken seriously

Contribución de las políticas públicas a la realización efectiva de los derechos de la mujer

En el presente estudio se parte de que la protección efectiva e integral de los derechos de las mujeres constituye una de las tareas inacabadas de mayor alcance en las sociedades contemporáneas. En él se analizan las políticas públicas que desde un enfoque de la igualdad y no discriminación tienen influencia en las esferas pública y privada; tratándose todo ello conforme a los postulados de la Ley Orgánica española 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres. Por último, se aportan veintiséis recomendaciones y propuestas para hacer que los derechos de las mujeres sean tomados en serio

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Retribución de la alta dirección y gobierno corporativo

Este trabajo se enmarca en el ámbito de las empresas españolas cotizadas durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 2003 y 2007, y concretamente, en la retribución del equipo de alta dirección. Tres son los estudios que se llevan a cabo con el objetivo de determinar hasta qué punto las empresas son capaces de controlar y adaptar las retribuciones de su equipo de alta dirección a los requerimientos económicos, contextuales y políticos –consejo de administración y estructura de propiedad- y en qué medida dichas retribuciones se relacionan con los resultados de las empresas, prestando una mayor atención a los factores políticos. Para lo cual se emplea la metodología de datos de panel. Abstract: This work is included in the scope of the Spanish companies during the period between 2003 and 2007, and indeed, in the pay of the senior management team. Three studies carried out in order to determine to what extent companies are able to control and adjust the salaries of its top management team to economic, political, contextual and board and ownership structure " and to what extent these fees are related to business performance, and paid more attention to political factors. To which is used panel data methodology