PERFIL FONOAUDIOLÓGICO DE PACIENTES PORTADORES DE MIASTENIA GRAVIS COM DISFAGIA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA / SPEECH THERAPY PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND DYSPHAGIA: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introdução: A disfagia neurogênica, definida como dificuldade de deglutição causada por uma instalação súbita de quadro neurológico, pode ser encontrada em portadores da doença Miastenia Gravis. Estima-se que 15% dos portadores apresentem disfagia no decorrer da doença. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil fonoaudiológico de pacientes portadores de Miastenia Gravis com disfagia. Método: Trata-se de um Revisão Integrativa que tem como foco principal o levantamento de informações em materiais bibliográficos e nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, PUBMED. Foram incluídos artigos dos últimos 10 anos, compreendendo o período de 2003 a 2013, devido a escassez de estudos sobre o tema. Resultados: Foram encontradas 10 publicações, os quais apontaram os sintomas de alterações na musculatura e nas funções do sistema estomatognático, alterações na fase faríngea e na fase esofágica da deglutição, penetração laríngea, broncoaspiração e pneumonia. Conclusão: As manifestações da Miastenia também podem ser evidenciadas através do transtorno alimentar, sendo a disfagia um dos pontos chaves para o diagnóstico. As alterações de deglutição foram encontradas em cerca de 40% dos estudos, sendo o comprometimento de origem bulbar o principal sintoma dessa manifestação clínica.Palavras-chave: Miastenia Grave. Transtornos de deglutição. Disfagia.AbstractIntroduction: Neurogenic dysphagia, defined as difficulty in swallowing caused by a sudden onset of neurological symptoms, may be found in patients with myasthenia gravis disease. It is estimated that 15% of patients have dysphagia as the disease progresses. Objective: To describe the communication profile of patients with myasthenia gravis and dysphagia. Method: Integrative review that primarily focuses on information collection from published materials and SciELO, LILACS and PUBMED databases. Articles from the last 10 years were included, covering the period from 2003 to 2013, due to the lack of studies on the subject. Results: 10 publications were found, which showed muscle and stomatognathic system function alterations, swallowing pharyngeal and esophageal phases alteration, laryngeal penetration, bronchoaspiration and pneumonia symptoms. Conclusion: Myasthenia manifestations can also be evidenced through the eating disorder, and dysphagia is one of the key points for diagnosis. Swallowing disorders were found in about 40% of studies, with bulbar impairment being the main clinical manifestation of such symptoms.Keywords: Myasthenia Gravis. Swallowing Disorder. Dysphagia

PERFIL COGNITIVO DE CRIANÇAS NASCIDAS PREMATURAS E COM PESO INFERIOR A 1500 GRAMAS

Introdução: As mudanças nas assistências obstétrica e neonatal implicam em maior sobrevida dos recém-nascidos (RNs) prematurose de baixo peso. Entretanto, a prematuridade e o baixo peso podem ser fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento cognitivo.Assim, se faz importante uma atenção contínua e integral aos aspectos do desenvolvimento, mesmo após a alta hospitalardesses RNs. Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil cognitivo de crianças nascidas prematuras e com peso inferior a 1500g. Método: Pesquisaquantitativa realizada com todas as crianças que foram submetidas a avaliação cognitiva no Ambulatório de Follow up. Asvariáveis investigadas foram: idade gestacional (IG) ao nascimento, peso ao nascimento, tamanho para a IG, escolaridadematerna, renda familiar, idade da criança no momento da aplicação do instrumento, e percentil e classificação alcançados noteste. Resultados: 78 crianças foram submetidas ao teste cognitivo. A IG no momento do nascimento apresentou média de 31semanas e 1 dia (prematuridade extrema) e o peso, média de 1204 gramas (muito baixo peso). A maioria das crianças (52,5%)apresentou capacidade intelectual média. Conclusões: Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa entre IG eclassificação cognitiva, bem como entre peso de nascimento e classificação cognitiva.Palavras-chave: Nascimento prematuro. Peso ao nascer. Cognição

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Comparison of Indicators of Risk of Deafness in Newborns Studied in the Years 1995 and 2005

Introduction: The data submitted by the Center of Epidemiological Surveillance of the State of São Paulo indicates the number of children affected by infecto-contagious diseases increases yearly. Some of these diseases are considered to be of risk for hearing. Objective: Check and compare the occurrence of risk indicators of the Hearing Loss during the interval of 10 years in a maternity of São Paulo. Method: Quantitative and retrospective study carried out from the research and review of data of registers supplied by a maternity of the city of São Paulo. We surveyed the registers of babies who were born from January through December of the years of 1995 (n=2.077) and 2005 (n=5.129), including those who had risk indicators for deafness and prematurity, low weight and asphyxia, besides having a diagnosis confirmed or suspicion of infecto-contagious diseases of group TORSCH-A. Results: We reviewed reports of 565 children born in 1995, and 1047 born in 2005. Among the risk indicators of deafness, we noticed a significant difference for the indicator of prematurity and asphyxia and there was no significant difference for the low weight indicator. The risk indicators of prematurity, low weight and asphyxia were more frequent than Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis and HIV+. The children born in 1995 tended to have a higher number of risk indicators and/or diseases than those born in 2005 (p<0.001). Conclusion: The major incidence of indicators in 1995 appoints an improvement to health that diminishes the index of newborns with risk of deafness along 10 years

Critérios fonoaudiológicos para indicação de via alternativa de alimentação em unidade de terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os critérios utilizados para indicação de via alternativa de alimentação para pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário. Métodos: estudo transversal, retrospectivo, quantitativo e descritivo. Foram levantados os protocolos dos pacientes que tiveram via alternativa de alimentação indicada por fonoaudiólogo no período entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014. Os dados foram tabulados utilizando-se o programa Microsoft Excel. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o programa STATA 12.0, por meio do qual foram estimadas médias e desvios-padrão ou medianas, respectivamente. Resultados: dos 25 participantes, 76% encontravam-se com nível de consciência alterado. Apesar disto, 52% destes tiveram dieta prescrita por médico. 24% tinham alteração de linguagem, 52%, de fonoarticulação e 44%, de voz. Somente oito pacientes tiveram condições de ser avaliados com oferta dieta oral. O critério utilizado para indicação de via alternativa de alimentação com maior frequência foi a alteração do nível de consciência. Conclusão: este estudo corrobora com outros já realizados apontando alteração do nível de consciência como fator de risco para disfagia. Ressalta-se a importância do fonoaudiólogo no ambiente hospitalar de modo a detectar precocemente os pacientes que necessitam de intervenção

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

International audienceSummaryBackground Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension.MethodsWe used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI).FindingsThe correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m² (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m² (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone.InterpretationBMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union