Estimating Multiplicative and Additive Hazard Functions by Kernel Methods

We propose new procedures for estimating the univariate quantities of interest in both additive and multiplicative nonparametric marker dependent hazard models. We work with a full counting process framework that allows for left truncation and right censoring. Our procedures are based on kernels and on the idea of marginal integration. We provide a central limit theorem for our estimator.Additive model, censoring, kernel, proportional hazards, survival analysis

Maskulinitet och femininitet i den amerikanska militären - Ett studium av kvinnors anpassning

Den amerikanska militären präglas av en hegemonisk maskulinitet kvinnor behöver anpassa sig till. Uppsatsen kretsar kring den här problematiken och söker förståelse för kvinnors anpassning och de strukturer som frammanar anpassningen. Med utgångspunkt i genuskonstruktioner och institutionella perspektiv gör vi ett litteraturstudium av den amerikanska militären. Centralt för uppsatsen är strukturer som uppmanar kvinnan att vara maskulin och feminin på samma gång. I den amerikanska militären behöver kvinnan axla en maskulin roll som stark och våldsyrkande samtidigt som hon förväntas vara feminin, i behov av skydd och sexuellt tillgänglig. Kvinnan befinner sig därmed i en genusproblematik som är så starkt förankrad i den militära organisationen att hon tvingas anpassa sig för att utföra sin roll som soldat

On Drugs

Despite their centrality to medicine, drugs are not easily defined. We introduce two desiderata for a basic definition of medical drugs. It should: (i) capture everything considered to be a drug in medical contexts and (ii) rule out anything that is not considered to be a drug. After canvassing a range of options, we find that no single definition of drugs can satisfy both desiderata. We conclude with three responses to our exploration of the drug concept: maintain a monistic concept, or choose one of two pluralistic outcomes. Notably, the distinction between drugs and other substances is placed under pressure by the most plausible of the options available

Prospectus, September 23, 1975

CHILD CARE PASSES FACULTY SENATE; PC News in Brief: Josh Is Coming, Transfer to U of I?, LRC Workshops, Pharmacy Trends; Gee, Smallman wins; Small Turnout; editorials; Letters To The Editor; Thanks Gary!; Roots & Radicals; Health Brochures Available; Peace Corps Needs Volunteers; Make Your Junk Attractive; The King in C-U; Good News; Josh is coming!; Women\u27s Column; Parkland Loses $; foto funnies; Storage without refrigeration; Vinyl Love; Sports Views; Football Results; Coaches\u27 Corner; Volleyball Needs Organization; On the road; Cross Country Schedule 1975; Fast Freddy\u27s football forecast; Fast Freddy winners announced; Jocks; Women\u27s Volleyball Schedule; Faculty team finishes 2nd; Aluminum Hub and All; Dear Bonnie; Poems; Classified; Country Bouquet; Schedule Of Coming Events; Bicentennial Contest; Your garage sale price to sell; Far Out Planet; Skylines; Parkland faculty; Enrollment At P/C Up; Club Notes: Park-Rec Society, Lambda Alpha, Veterans, Catholic Singleshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1975/1006/thumbnail.jp

Can 'functionlaity' save the community management model of rural water supply?

As attention increasingly turns to the sustainability of rural water supplies - and not simply overall levels of coverage or access - water point functionality has become a core concern for development practitioners and national governments, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within the long-enduring Community-Based Management (CBM) model this has resulted in increased scrutiny of the “functionality” of the local water point committee (WPC) or similar community management organisation. This paper reviews the literature written from both practice-focused and critical-academic perspectives and identifies three areas that pose challenges to our understanding of water point functionality as it relates to CBM. These concern the relative neglect of (i) the local institutional and socio-economic landscape, (ii) broader governance processes and power dynamics, and (iii) the socio-technical interface. By examining these three areas, the paper engages with the specific issue of WPC functionality, whilst also considering broader issues relating to the framing of problems in development and the methodological and disciplinary ways that these are addressed. Furthermore, by focusing on community management of rural water points, the paper lays the ground for a more substantial critique of the continuing persistence of the CBM model as a central development strategy

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns

Abstract Background The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated. Methods\ud \ud The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. Results Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis. Conclusion Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.This project has been financially supported by NIH grant AI ROI 54139–02 to JE Conn, PAPES IV Fiocruz-CNPq to RLO, and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP (Grant 2011/20397-7 to MAMS), CNPq (BPP no. 301666/2011-3 to MAMS).This research was performed under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Smithsonian Institution, with institutional support provided by both organizations. The material to be published reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns

Abstract Background The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated. Methods\ud \ud The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. Results Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis. Conclusion Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.This project has been financially supported by NIH grant AI ROI 54139–02 to JE Conn, PAPES IV Fiocruz-CNPq to RLO, and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP (Grant 2011/20397-7 to MAMS), CNPq (BPP no. 301666/2011-3 to MAMS).This research was performed under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Smithsonian Institution, with institutional support provided by both organizations. The material to be published reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense