Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138414/1/jia218442.pd

Validation of a Previous-Day Recall Measure of Active and Sedentary Behaviors

Purpose—A previous-day recall (PDR) may be a less error prone alternative to traditional questionnaire-based estimates of physical activity and sedentary behavior (e.g., past year), but validity of the method is not established. We evaluated the validity of an interviewer administered PDR in adolescents (12–17 years) and adults (18–71 years). Methods—In a 7-day study, participants completed three PDRs, wore two activity monitors, and completed measures of social desirability and body mass index (BMI). PDR measures of active and sedentary time was contrasted against an accelerometer (ActiGraph) by comparing both to a valid reference measure (activPAL) using measurement error modeling and traditional validation approaches. Results—Age- and gender-specific mixed models comparing PDR to activPAL indicated: (1) a strong linear relationship between measures for sedentary (regression slope = β1=0.80 to 1.13) and active time (β1=0.64 to 1.09); (2) person-specific bias was lower than random error; and (3) correlations were high (Sedentary: r = 0.60 to 0.81; Active: r = 0.52 to 0.80). Reporting errors were not associated with BMI or social desirability. Models comparing ActiGraph to activPAL indicated: (1) a weaker linear relationship between measures for sedentary (β1=0.63 to 0.73) and active time (β1=0.61 to 0.72); (2) person-specific bias was slightly larger than random error; and (3) correlations were high (Sedentary: r = 0.68 to 0.77; Active: r = 0.57 to 0.79). Conclusions—Correlations between the PDR and activPAL were high, systematic reporting errors were low, and the validity of the PDR was comparable to the ActiGraph. PDRs may have value in studies of physical activity and health, particularly those interested in measuring the specific type, location, and purpose of activity-related behaviors

RNA Therapeutics: How Far Have We Gone?

In recent years, the RNA molecule became one of the most promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Currently, a large number of RNA-based therapeutics are being investigated both at the basic research level and in late-stage clinical trials. Some of them are even already approved for treatment. RNA-based approaches can act at pre-mRNA level (by splicing modulation/correction using antisense oligonucleotides or U1snRNA vectors), at mRNA level (inhibiting gene expression by siRNAs and antisense oligonucleotides) or at DNA level (by editing mutated sequences through the use of CRISPR/Cas). Other RNA approaches include the delivery of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA or the use of oligonucleotides aptamers. Here we review these approaches and their translation into clinics trying to give a brief overview also on the difficulties to its application as well as the research that is being done to overcome them.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio