7,259 research outputs found

    Beyond East-West : marginality and national dignity in Finnish identity construction

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    Since the end of the Cold War it has become common for Finnish academics and politicians alike to frame debates about Finnish national identity in terms of locating Finland somewhere along a continuum between East and West (e.g., Harle and Moisio 2000). Indeed, for politicians properly locating oneself (and therefore Finland) along this continuum has often been seen as central to the winning and losing of elections. For example, the 1994 referendum on EU membership was largely interpreted precisely as an opportunity to relocate Finland further to the West (Jakobson 1998, 111; Arter 1995). Indeed, the tendency to depict Finnish history in terms of a series of ‘westernising’ moves has been notable, but has also betrayed some of the politicised elements of this view (Browning 2002). However, this framing of Finnish national identity discourse is not only sometimes politicised, but arguably is also too simplified and results in blindness towards other identity narratives that have also been important through Finnish history, and that are also evident (but rarely recognised) today as well. In this article we aim to highlight one of these that we argue has played a key role in locating Finland in the world and in formulating notions of what Finland is about, what historical role and mission it has been understood as destined to play, and what futures for the nation have been conceptualised as possible and as providing a source of subjectivity and national dignity. The focus of this article is therefore on the relationship between Finnish nationalism and ideas of ‘marginality’ through Finnish history

    Observability of bbZ Events at CMS as a Benchmark for MSSM bbH Search

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    The Z boson production in association with two b quarks is studied as a benchmark for MSSM bbH production with H->tautau decay in CMS. An analysis using Z bosons in real data can be used to test the methods and techniques needed for reconstructing the Higgs boson. The bbZ measured from data can be used to verify the theoretical predictions for the cross section, and Z boson and b quark transverse momentum distributions. Understanding the bbZ production at LHC helps us to understand and better trust the predictions for the associated Higgs bosons production

    Discovery potential for Higgs bosons beyond the SM

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    The discovery potential of the CMS detector for the MSSM neutral and charged Higgs bosons at the LHC is presented based on studies with full detector simulation and event reconstruction of the principal discovery channels.Comment: Prepared for International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2007), Manchester, England, 19-25 Jul 200

    Kuuliaisuuden pelko : Jesuiitat ja Maan liikkumisen probleemi 1600-luvulla

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    Vuotta 1540 voinee pitÀÀ jesuiittajÀrjestön perustamisvuotena, sillÀ tuolloin antoi paavi bullan, joka virallisti Ignatius Loyolan johdolla jo muutaman vuoden löyhempÀnÀ ryhmittymÀnÀ toimineen yhteisön katolisen kirkon organisoiduksi jÀrjestöksi. Samana vuonna 1540 ilmestyi myös Georg Joachim Rheticuksen teos Narratio prima. SiinÀ hÀn ensimmÀisen kerran esitti julkisesti opettajansa Nikolaus Kopernikuksen opin, jonka keskeinen kohta oli vÀite Maan kiertÀmisestÀ Auringon ympÀri. Arviolta 70 vuotta myöhemmin jesuiitat sotkeutuivat itselleen vahingoksi koituvalla tavalla Kopernikuksen teorioihin ja niiden variaatioihin. Oliko kontroverssi yksittÀistapaus jostain yleisempÀÀkin merkitystÀ omaa vasta suhtautumistapojen törmÀyksestÀ

    Extracellular lipid particles in atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis

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    Aortic stenosis and athrosclerosis are slowly progressing diseases. Being clinically silent, as they start developing decades before they cause symptoms, cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis in particular, are the leading cause of morbitidy and mortality in the Western world. Lipid accumulation begins both in the artery walls and in the aortic valves before any clinical signs of atherosclerosis or aortic stenosis can be detected. While atherosclerotic lesions are characterized with cells filled with lipid droplets i.e. foam cells, and they are found to be calcified only in the late stages of atherosclerosis, the stenotic aortic valve leaflets contain both lipid droplets and calcified nodules already in early lesions. The proteoglycan matrix common to artery wall and aortic valve leaflets retains the entering lipoprotein particles that are then enzymatically and oxidatively modified. Such modifications have an ability to transform the non-inflammatory plasma lipoprotein particles into crystals and particles that can induce sterile inflammation in the various intimal and valvular cells. This thesis was set to study the distribution and characteristics of the extracellular lipid and to reveal the origin of the extracellular lipid particles. Prior to the analyses of the isolated extracellular lipid particles, the human carotid artery plaques were imaged with three-dimensional electron microscopy and sections of human coronary arteries were analyzed with imaging mass spectrometry to study the spatial distribution of lipids in different stages of atherosclerosis. In the human coronary arteries, the lipid domains found in advanced atherosclerotic lesions were different from the domains found in atheroma-stage artery sections, and even more different from healthy sections of coronary arteries. In the human carotid artery plaques, cholesterol crystals were found to be large sheets or needle-like structures, and they appeared to be growing out from large lipid particles in the intima. For the purpose of studying the chemical and physical characteristics of the extracellular lipid particles, the extracellular particles were isolated from aortic valve leaflets and coronary artery plaques. The lipid particles were examined with multiple tools to study their lipid composition, protein composition, protein structure, size, and density. The extracellular lipid particles, both in human aortic valve leaflets and human carotid arteries, were found to be derived from plasma lipoproteins, mainly from low density lipoprotein (LDL) or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Apart from multiple small exchangeable lipoproteins, like apolipoprotein (apo) E, apoA-family, and apoC-family, the particles contained mainly apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), the integral protein of LDL and VLDL, and they contained features which suggest that they were multiply modified. Another goal was to find which modifications would change the intimal or valvular extracellular lipid particles to such fused and aggregated lipid particles that were found in the valves and intimal plaques, and which modifications would induce a sterile inflammatory response similar to the response the extracellular lipid particles induce. To study the possible culprit modifications, both the extracellular lipid particles, in vitro-generated cholesterol crystals, and LDL that was modified by lipolysis, proteolysis, and oxidation, were applied to human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Both the isolated extracellular lipid particles and LDL modified with a combination of phospholipolysis by PLA2 and cholesterol esterase were found to be able to activate a multiprotein complex inflammasome in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro, and to induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. According to the results of this thesis, the lipid particles in the arterial intima and in the aortic valve are active components of atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis. They can induce the cells in the intima and in the valve to produce inflammatory cytokines and thus can affect the progress of these diseases.Aorttastenoosi eli aorttalÀpÀn kalkkinen kovettumatauti ja ateroskleroosi eli valtimokovettumatauti ovat hitaasti eteneviÀ tauteja. Koska nÀmÀ sydÀn- ja verisuonitaudit kehittyvÀt piilossa oireita aiheuttamatta jopa vuosikymmenten ajan, ne ovat yhÀ edelleen suomalaisten ja lÀntisen maailman kuolinsyytilastojen kÀrjessÀ. Lipidit eli rasva-aineet alkavat kertyÀ sekÀ aorttalÀppÀÀn ettÀ valtimoiden seinÀmÀÀn jo paljon ennen kuin mitÀÀn kliinisiÀ merkkejÀ on havaittavissa. Ateroskleroosissa plakit ovat tyypillisesti tÀynnÀ rasvapartikkeleita eli lipidipartikkeleita ja soluja, jotka ovat tÀynnÀ rasvapisaroita (vaahtosoluja) ja ne kalkkiintuvat vasta taudin myöhÀisvaiheessa. AorttalÀpissÀ on sen sijaan yhtÀ aikaa sekÀ lipidipartikkeleita ja kiteytynyttÀ kalkkia. SekÀ aorttalÀpÀssÀ ettÀ valtimon seinÀmÀssÀ on proteoglykaanikerros, johon lipidipartikkelit tarttuvat kiinni. Kiinni tarttuneet lipidipartikkelit voivat voivat muokkaantua entsyymien vaikutuksesta tai hapettumisen seurauksena. lipidipartikkelien muokkaantuminen voi saada aorttalÀpÀn tai valtimon sisÀkerroksen solut reagoimaan steriilillÀ tulehdusreaktiolla tai muokkaantuneet lipidipartikkelien sisÀltÀmÀ kolesteroli voi kiteytyÀ suuriksi kolesterolikiteiksi. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa tutkittiin solunulkoisten lipidipartikkeleiden ominaisuuksia ja niiden levittÀytymistÀ solujen vÀliseen tilaan. Siten pyrittiin selvittÀmÀÀn solunulkoisten lipidipartikkeleiden alkuperÀ. Ihmisen kaulavaltimoiden seinÀmÀstÀ valmistettiin malleja kolmiulotteisten elektronimikroskooppikuvien avulla ja ihmisen sepelvaltimoleikkeitÀ tutkittiin kuvantavalla massaspektrometrilla. NÀin saatiin selville, kuinka lipidipartikkelit sijaitsivat valtimoiden seinÀmÀssÀ. Terveiden sepelvaltimoiden lipidipartikkelikertymien laatu ja paikka erosivat aterooma-vaiheen plakkien lipidipartikkelikertymistÀ ja vielÀ enemmÀn ne erosivat pitkÀlle edenneestÀ ateroskleroottisesta plakista. Ihmisen kaulavaltimoiden plakeissa kolesterolikiteet olivat sekÀ neulamaisia ettÀ suuria levyjÀ ja ne nÀyttivÀt kasvavan suoraan suurista lipidipartikkeleista. Kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien selvittÀmiseksi lipidipartikkelit eristettiin sekÀ aorttalÀpistÀ ettÀ kaulavaltimoista. NiistÀ tutkittiin lipidikoostumusta, proteiinikoostumusta, proteiiniosan rakennetta, partikkelien kokoa ja tiheyttÀ. SekÀ aorttalÀpÀn ettÀ kaulavaltimon lipidipartikkeleiden havaittiin olevan perÀisin plasman apolipoproteiini (apo)B-100:aa sisÀltÀvistÀ lipoproteiinipartikkeleista, todennÀköisimmin joko kevyen lipoproteiinin (LDL) tai erittÀin kevyen lipoproteiinin (VLDL) partikkeleista. Partikkelit sisÀlsivÀt apoB-100:n lisÀksi myös pieniÀ vaihdettavia apolipoproteiineja, kuten apolipoproteiini (apo) E:tÀ, apoA-proteiiniperheen ja apoC-proteiiniperheen apolipoproteiineja. ApoB-100 (LDL:n ja VLDL:n tÀrkein rakenneproteiini) oli yleisin löydetty proteiini. Lipidipartikkeleissa nÀhtiin merkkejÀ moninkertaisesta muokkautumisesta. Tutkimuksen toisena tavoitteena oli saada selville, miten aorttalÀpÀn ja valtimon sisÀseinÀmÀÀn jÀÀneet lipidipartikkelit muuntuvat plasman lipoproteiineista suuriksi fuusioituneiksi ja aggregoituneiksi lipidipartikkeleiksi. LisÀksi haluttiin tietÀÀ, mitkÀ muokkausmekanismit muuntaisivat lipoproteiinit niin, ettÀ solut reagoisivat steriilillÀ tulehdusreaktiolla eli inflammasomi-kompleksin aktivaatiolla. Mahdollisia muuntumismekanismeja tutkittiin muokkaamalla LDL-partikkeleita lipolyyttisillÀ ja proteolyyttisillÀ entsyymeillÀ ja hapettamalla niitÀ. NÀin muokattuja LDL-partikkeleita ja kaulavaltimoista eristettyjÀ lipidipartikkeleita annettiin ihmisen plasmasta eristetyistÀ monosyyteistÀ erilaistetuille makrofageille. SekÀ solunulkoiset lipidipartikkelit ettÀ fosfolipolyysillÀ muokatut plasman lipoproteiinit saivat koeolosuhteissa makrofagit reagoimaan inflammasomin aktivaatiolla ja tuottamaan tulehdusvÀlittÀjÀaineita. VÀitöskirjan tulosten mukaan voidaan todeta, ettÀ lipidipartikkelit aorttalÀpÀssÀ ja valtimon sisÀseinÀmÀssÀ ovat oleellinen osa aorttastenoosin ja ateroskleroosin syntyprosessissa. Ne saavat aorttalÀpÀn ja valtimon sisÀseinÀmÀn solut tuottamaan tulehdusvÀlittÀjÀaineita ja vaikuttavat siten sekÀ aorttastenoosin ettÀ ateroskleroosin etenemiseen

    Rikoksentorjunnan kannattavuus : alustava systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus

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    Forecasting Equity Premium with Technical and Macroeconomic Indicators

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    This thesis investigates the forecasting of the equity premium, a critical metric in financial economics, representing the difference between the expected return on a stock market portfolio and the risk-free rate. Accurate equity premium forecasts are paramount for asset allocation, risk management, and financial market regulation. While financial theory posits that stock prices should align with future discounted cash flows, empirical forecasting remains challenging. In this study, a variety of forecasting methods and variables are assessed for their ability to predict the equity premium. The review of recent literature highlights the crucial role of model selection and parameterization in predicting the equity premium. The study acknowledges the contribution of alternative model specifications, which address model uncertainty and parameter instability. These models have demonstrated their potential to yield statistically and economically significant forecasts, outperforming the historical average forecast. The thesis corroborates the literature, suggesting that forecasting during recessions yields superior results compared to the historical average, while forecasting during expansion periods poses a greater challenge. This research conducts a meticulous examination of macroeconomic predictors and technical indicators, utilized within diverse model specifications, to forecast the equity premium using updated data. Established macroeconomic predictors and technical indicators often fail to produce statistically or economically significant forecasts during expansion periods. Nevertheless, when macroeconomic predictors are employed within multiple-predictor models, investors can realize benefits surpassing those of the historical average forecast. During recessions, forecasting is comparatively less challenging, with technical indicators delivering the best forecasts both statistically and economically. Owing to the inherent stability of technical indicators, their incorporation into multiple-predictor models doesn't yield any additional value. This study puts forth a strategic recommendation to enhance the economic advantage of equity premium forecasts. It suggests that an optimal approach could involve the deployment of multiple-predictor models that use macroeconomic predictors during periods of economic expansion, and individual technical indicators during recessions. This contribution to the discourse on equity premium forecasting advocates for a state-dependent forecasting methodology. Future research could explore this state-dependent forecasting methodology further. This could involve the development and rigorous testing of state-dependent forecasting models, as well as the identification of the most suitable predictors for each economic state. While forecasting during recessions appears to be easier, it could be beneficial to examine different benchmark models depending on the current state of the economy. The widely used benchmark in current literature, the historical average model, consistently predicts positive equity premiums, even though these are generally negative in reality during recessions. Therefore, it might be prudent to develop a benchmark model that also depends on the state of the economy and compare the generated state-dependent forecasts to this model. This approach could provide a more accurate comparative measure for evaluating forecasting strategies during different economic conditions.TÀssÀ tutkielmassa tarkastellaan osakemarkkinoiden tuotto-odotuksen ja riskittömÀn korkotuoton vÀlistÀ eroa eli osakepreemion ennustamista. Tarkat osakepreemio -ennusteet ovat keskeisiÀ varainhoidossa, riskienhallinnassa ja rahoitusmarkkinoiden sÀÀntelyssÀ. Vaikka rahoitusteorian, mukaan osakekurssien tulisi vastata tulevaisuuden diskontattuja kassavirtoja, osakepreemion empiirinen ennustaminen on haastavaa. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa arvioidaan erilaisten ennustusmenetelmien ja muuttujien kykyÀ ennustaa osakepreemiota. Kirjallisuuskatsaus korostaa mallin valinnan ja parametrisoinnin olevan keskeisessÀ roolissa osakepreemiota ennustettaessa. Tutkimus tunnustaa vaihtoehtoisten mallisÀÀntöjen merkityksen, jotka kÀsittelevÀt mallin epÀvarmuutta ja parametrien epÀvakautta. NÀiden mallien on osoitettu pystyvÀn tuottamaan historiallista keskiarvoa tarkempia ennusteita niin tilastollisesti kuin taloudellisesti merkitsevÀsti. Tutkielma tukee kirjallisuutta, jonka mukaan taantumissa ennustaminen on suhteessa helpompaa verrattuna historialliseen keskiarvoon, kun taas laajentumiskausina ennustaminen on haastavampaa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan makrotaloudellisia ennustajia ja teknisiÀ indikaattoreita, joita kÀytetÀÀn sekÀ yksittÀisinÀ ennustajina ettÀ laajemmissa ennustemalleissa, joita kÀytetÀÀn osakepreemion ennustamiseen pÀivitetyllÀ aineistolla. Vakiintuneet makrotaloudelliset ennustajat ja tekniset indikaattorit eivÀt usein pysty tuottamaan tilastollisesti tai taloudellisesti merkitseviÀ ennusteita talouden nousukausina. Kuitenkin, kun makrotaloudellisia ennustajia kÀytetÀÀn laajemmissa ennustemalleissa, sijoittajat voivat saavuttaa taloudellisia etuja verrattaessa ennusteiden muodostamiseen historiallisen keskiarvon mukaisesti. Taantumissa ennustaminen on helpompaa, ja tekniset indikaattorit tuottavat tarkimmat ennusteet sekÀ tilastollisesti ettÀ taloudellisesti. Teknisten indikaattorien luontaisen vakauden vuoksi niiden kÀyttö laajemmissa ennustemalleissa ei tuota lisÀarvoa. Erityisesti taantumissa on perusteltua kÀyttÀÀ teknisiÀ indikaattoreita itsenÀisinÀ osakepreemion ennustajina. Tutkielman mukaan optimaalinen lÀhestymistapa osakepreemion ennustamiseen on teknisten indikaattorien kÀyttö taantumissa ja makrotaloudellisten ennustajien kÀyttö laajemmissa ennustemalleissa talouden nousukausina. TÀmÀ kannustaa tarkastelemaan osakepreemion ennustamista tilariippuvaisilla ennustemenetelmillÀ. Katsoen eteenpÀin, tulevat tutkimukset voisivat tutkia tÀtÀ tilasta riippuvaa ennustusmenetelmÀÀ tarkemmin. TÀmÀ voisi sisÀltÀÀ tilasta riippuvien ennustusmallien kehittÀmisen ja perusteellisen testaamisen, sekÀ sopivimpien ennustajien tunnistamisen kullekin taloudelliselle tilalle. NykyisessÀ kirjallisuudessa laajalti kÀytetty vertailumalli, historiallinen keskiarvo, ennustaa jatkuvasti positiivisia osakepreemioita, vaikka todellisuudessa taantumissa osaketuotot, ja osakepreemiot ovat negatiivisia. Siksi saattaisi olla mielekÀstÀ tarkastella ennusteita eri vertailumallilla, joka myös riippuu talouden tilasta. TÀmÀ lÀhestymistapa voisi tarjota tarkemman vertailumittarin ennustestrategioiden arvioimiseksi eri taloudellisissa olosuhteissa

    Eesti esiajalugu geneetika vaatevinklist: uus teave vana DNA uuringutest

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    VĂ€itekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneJuba aastakĂŒmneid on populatsioonide demograafilist ajalugu vorminud protsesse uuritud tĂ€napĂ€eval elavate inimeste geneetiliste andmete abil. Viimase pea 15 aasta jooksul on sellesse valdkonda hakanud oluliselt panustama ka vana DNA uurimine. TĂ€napĂ€evaseid genoome analĂŒĂŒsides on vĂ”imalik ennustada, millised protsessid ja millal populatsioone mĂ”jutanud on. Vana DNA genoomid on seotud kindla aja ja kohaga minevikus, mis vĂ”imaldab neid ennustusi kontrollida ning leida populatsioone, millel tĂ€napĂ€eva genoomidesse panustada ei Ă”nnestunud. Selle doktoritöö peamiseks teemaks on Euroopa ja tĂ€psemalt Eesti demograafiline ajalugu. NĂŒĂŒdisinimesed jĂ”udsid Euroopasse umbes 45 000 aastat tagasi (a.t.). U. 8000 a.t. jĂ”udis Euroopasse pĂ”lluharimine koos LĂ€his-Ida pĂ€ritolu inimestega. Eesti erineb mĂ”neti ĂŒlejÀÀnud Euroopast – esimesed inimasustuse jĂ€ljed pĂ€rinevad jÀÀajajĂ€rgsest perioodist u. 11 000 a.t., pĂ”lluharimine sai alguse alles u. 5000 a.t. nöörkeraamika kultuuri saabumisega ning tĂ€napĂ€eva eestlased, soomlased ja mĂ”ned vĂ€iksemad Ida-Euroopa ja LÀÀne-Siberi rahvad rÀÀgivad uurali keeli, mis pĂ€rinevad ilmselt Volga-Kama piirkonnast. Töö raames uuriti arheoloogia, lingvistika ja geneetika andmeid kĂ”rvutades Eesti elanikke nooremast kiviajast tĂ€napĂ€evani laiemas Euraasia kontekstis. Selgus, et tĂ€napĂ€eva eestlaste genoom on kujunenud mitmete sisserĂ€nnete tulemusena: kĂŒttimise-korilusega seotud kammkeraamika kultuuri Eestisse jĂ”udmisega nooremal kiviajal kaasnes idapoolse pĂ€ritoluga inimeste lisandumine lÀÀnepoolse geneetilise taustaga populatsiooni; u. tuhat aastat hiljem tĂ”id nöörkeraamika kultuuri esindajad meie alale pĂ”lluharimisega koos Ida-Euroopa stepi aukhaudade kultuuri inimeste geneetilise komponendi; pronksiaegsete kivikirstkalmetesse maetute genoomides suurenes taas kĂŒttide-korilaste geneetiline panus; rauaajal ilmus tarandkalmetesse maetute genoomidesse Siberi geneetiline komponent, mis seob ka tĂ€napĂ€eva eestlasi teiste uurali keelte kĂ”nelejatega Euroopas ja Siberis.The processes that have shaped the demographic histories of populations through time have been studied for decades using modern genetic data. In the last almost 15 years, ancient DNA research has started to contribute significantly to this field. Analysing modern genomes enables to derive models to explain population change in the past. Ancient genomes are connected to a certain time and place, enabling to specify these models and to uncover genetic lineages that have not managed to contribute to the genomes of modern populations. The main topic of this thesis is the demographic history of Europe and more specifically Estonia. Modern humans reached Europe by around 45,000 years ago (ya). Around 8,000 ya, farming was brought to Europe by people with Near-Eastern ancestry. Estonia is somewhat different from most of Europe – the first evidence of human settlement is from after the ice age around 11,000 ya, farming arrived only with the Late Neolithic Corded Ware culture people, and Estonians, Finns and some smaller populations in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia speak Uralic languages, originating probably in the Volga-Kama region. This thesis combines data from archaeology, linguistics and genetics to study the occupants of Estonia from the Neolithic until today in a wider Eurasian context. The genome of modern Estonians is found to be influenced by several past migration events. Firstly, the Neolithic hunter-gatherers of Comb Ceramic culture were likely to bring eastern influences to the initial population with a western genetic background. Around a thousand years later, farming-based economies spread in Estonia together with Corded Ware culture. Its carriers were people with ancestry from Yamnaya people from the Eastern European steppe. Hunter-gatherer ancestry increased again in the Bronze Age while Estonian Iron Age genomes reveal an influx of a new genetic component from Siberia, which also connects modern Estonians to other Uralic speakers in Europe and Siberia.  https://www.ester.ee/record=b524178

    Competitive Strategies in House-Building Industry - Analysis of St. Petersburg Market

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    Competition in the house-building industry of St. Petersburg is intensive. During recent years, demand for new dwellings has increased. For constructors to succeed in the business, they need to offer attractive product concepts in order to satisfy customer demands as compared to their competitors. It is important to gather information about competitors’ actions, as this knowledge of competing business strategies can influence one’s own strategic decision making. The main goal of the study was to clarify what kind of competitive strategies, as classified by Porter, constructors implement in a specific area in St. Petersburg and especially at the customer interface. The focus was on the economy and comfort classes of constructions. The elite and business classes were excluded from the study. To form a concept of competitive strategies, competing marketing strategies had to be first analysed and then compared. For the marketing strategies were selected the product and its quality, price and advertising, as they influence on the forming of the product sold i.e. an apartment. Moreover, country-specific characteristics were studied in order to enable the analysis of strategies within the right context. Finally eight potential competitors were analysed and the information was gathered mainly from the adverts and internet pages. The results indicate that the analysable area consists of two cost-leaders, four differentiators, one focuser and one building object which is stuck in the middle. All the building objects have rather different marketing strategies as their product characteristics, quality levels and prices vary greatly between each other. Conversely, diverse advertising possibilities have been limited as they resemble each other, and competitive advantages are clearly highlighted only in some adverts. By analysing internal competition competitive weapons of the cases were discovered and noticed that the possibilities for differentiation are favourable.fi=OpinnĂ€ytetyö kokotekstinĂ€ PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=LĂ€rdomsprov tillgĂ€ngligt som fulltext i PDF-format

    The Role of kin in educational and status attainment

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    One of the most robust findings of sociological research is that family background is associated with children’s status and educational attainment. A child with an advantageous family background is more likely to have a higher education and socioeconomic status than a child with a disadvantageous background. This phenomenon has been interpreted to indicate a lack of equal opportunities in socioeconomic attainment. In sociological research, inequality of opportunities is usually explained by unequal distribution of different socioeconomic resources between families. Modern societies function most efficiently when opportunities for education and occupational attainment of individuals are based on individuals’ merits independent of family background. In addition to the parents, other relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents may affect the socioeconomic achievement of children. However, social stratification research has usually concentrated on studying the associations between family resources and children’s achievement. The role of extended family members has been ignored. This dissertation analyzes the direct effects of family resources and disadvantageous events on children’s education and socioeconomic status, as well as the effects of extended family members and their socioeconomic resources on children’s educational achievement. The theoretical framework is based on evolutionary and social sciences of kin influences in intergenerational transmissions. The empirical analyses of the four research articles are based on highly reliable and voluminous Finnish register data. Analyses are conducted by comparing siblings with random and fixed effect regression models. Some of the results can be interpreted as reflecting a causal relationship between parental resources and the effects of extended kin. According to the results, parental socioeconomic resources can independently explain only a minor proportion of adult children’s socioeconomic status in Finland; most of the associations of family background are explained by unobserved characteristics. Maternal education has the most substantial independent effect on adult children’s status in early childhood. On average, it explains 14 percent of the family variance. The mother’s or father’s income has no independent effects on children’s socioeconomic status or education. However, parental unemployment has a negative effect on children’s general secondary attainment, grade point average at the end of compulsory school and tertiary education enrollment. High parental education entirely compensates for the negative effect on general secondary attainment and grade point average. For tertiary enrollment, the negative effect of parental unemployment can be observed only for those children who have a highly educated parent, indicating relative risk aversion caused by parental status decline. On average, the direct effects of extended kin socioeconomic resources are negligible. Grandparental socioeconomic status is not associated with children’s general secondary attainment. When controlling for parental socioeconomic status and education, the effect of grandparental education is statistically significant but substantially meaningless. However, the results show that grandparents are important for grandchildren’s general secondary attainment. Grandmothers are beneficial for children’s education if they share a lifetime with grandchildren. The effect of the shared life can be observed in families who have low socioeconomic resources and families with many relatives. The results show that the total amount of aunts and uncles’ education compensates for low parental education, thereby increasing the likelihood of children’s higher education attainment. The association can be observed only from the maternal lineage aunts and uncles. According to the results, mothers and grandmothers who keep family networks flourishing are particularly important kin keepers within the family circle. The results provide support for evolutionary interpretations of the effect of extended kin and for the significance of social capital within the (extended) family in intergenerational effects. According to the results of the four articles of the dissertation, socioeconomic resources of families and extended kin can explain only a small amount of the variation in children’s education and socioeconomic attainment. It can be argued that equality of opportunities actualizes well in the Finnish welfare state. The association between the family background and children’s socioeconomic and education attainment is largely explained by factors other than the socioeconomic resources of parents and extended kin. In the future, studies of intergenerational transmission of education and social status should consider factors other than socioeconomic resources, such as genetic endowments. Correlations between child and kin should not be interpreted to indicate direct effects of parental or other relatives’ socioeconomic resources.Perhetaustan yhteys koulukseen ja sosiaaliseen asemaan on yksi sosiologian kiistattomimmista tuloksista. Lapsen edullinen perhetausta johtaa todennĂ€köisemin korkeampaan koulutukseen ja sosioekonomiseen asemaan kuin epĂ€edullinen perhetausta. TĂ€mĂ€n ilmiön on tulkittu osoittavan, ettĂ€ kaikilla ei ole yhtĂ€lĂ€isiĂ€ mahdollisuuksia sosioekonomisten asemien saavuttamiseen. Sosiologisessa tutkimuksessa mahdollisuuksien epĂ€tasa-arvon selitetÀÀn usein johtuvan sosioekonomisten resurssien epĂ€tasa-arvoisella jakautumisella perheiden vĂ€lillĂ€. Koska lapset eivĂ€t voi valita perhettÀÀn tulisi kaikille taata yhtĂ€lĂ€iset mahdollisuudet edetĂ€ koulutuksessa ja urallaan, eikĂ€ mahdollisuuksia pitĂ€isi rajoittaa perheiden sosioekonomiset resurssit. Vanhempien lisĂ€ksi lapsen sosioekonomiseen menestykseen voivat olla yhteydessĂ€ muut sukulaiset kuten sedĂ€t, tĂ€dit ja isovanhemmat. YleensĂ€ sosiaalisen kerrostuneisuuden tutkimukset ovat keskittyneet tutkimaan vain perheen sosioekonomisten resurssien yhteyksiĂ€ lapsen menestykseen eikĂ€ perheen ulkopuolisten sukulaisten osuutta sosiaalisessa liikkuvuudessa ole riittĂ€vĂ€sti huomioitu. TĂ€ssĂ€ vĂ€itöskirjassa analysoidaan vanhempien sosioekonomisten resurssien ja perheen haitallisten tapahtumien suoria vaikutuksia lapsen koulutukseen ja sosioekonomiseen statukseen sekĂ€ perheen ulkopuolisten sukulaisten ja heidĂ€n resurssien vaikutuksia lasten koulutukseen. VĂ€itöskirjan teoreettinen viitekehys hyödyntÀÀ evolutiivisia sekĂ€ sosiaalitieteellisiĂ€ selitysmalleja sukulaisten vaikutuksista ylisukupolvisessa liikkuvuudessa. VĂ€itöskirjan neljĂ€n artikkelin empiiriset analyysit perustuvat suomalaisiin luotettaviin rekisteriaineistoihin. Analyysit on toteutettu vertailemalla sisaruksia satunnaisten ja kiinteiden vaikutusten malleilla. Suurin osa tuloksista kertoo vanhempien resurssien ja perheen ulkopuolisten sukulaisten suorista kausaalisista vaikutuksista. Tulosten mukaan vanhempien resurssit selittĂ€vĂ€t vain vĂ€hĂ€n lasten tulevaa sosioekonomista asemaa Suomessa. Äidin koulutuksella on merkittĂ€vin vaikutus lapsen asemaan aikuisena varhaislapsuudessa. Se selittÀÀ perheiden vĂ€lisestĂ€ vaihtelusta noin 14 prosenttia. IsĂ€n tai Ă€idin tuloilla ei ole suoria vaikutuksia lapsen sosioekonomiseen statukseen tai koulutukseen. Vanhemman työttömyydellĂ€ havaittiin olevan negatiivinen vaikutus lasten lukiokoulutukseen, pÀÀstötodistuksen keskiarvoon ja kolmannen asteen koulutukseen. Vanhemman työttömyyden negatiiviset vaikutukset olivat kuitenkin riippuvaisia vanhemman koulutuksesta. Vanhemman työttömyyden negatiivista vaikutusta ei havaittu lukiokoulutuksen ja pÀÀstötodistuksen keskiarvon osalta niillĂ€ lapsilla, joiden vanhemmat olivat korkeakoulutettuja. Kolmannen asteen koulutuksen osalta vanhemman työttömyyden negatiivinen vaikutus voidaan havainnoida vain niillĂ€ lapsilla, joilla on korkeakoulutettu vanhempi. Tulos osoittaa riskien karttamisesta koulutustasoa valittaessa. KeskimÀÀrin perheen ulkopuolisten sukulaisten sosioekonomisten resurssien yhteydet ovat hyvin pieniĂ€ tai niitĂ€ ei löydetty. Isovanhempien sosioekonominen status ei ollut yhteydessĂ€ lasten lukiokoulutukseen. Kun vanhempien sosioekonominen asema ja koulutus otetaan huomioon, on isovanhempien koulutuksen suora vaikutus tilastollisesti merkitsevĂ€ mutta sisĂ€llöllisesti merkityksetön. Tulosten mukaan isovanhemmilla on silti merkitystĂ€ lapsenlapsen lukiokoulutukselle. IsoĂ€ideistĂ€ on hyötyĂ€, jos he ovat elossa samaan aikaan lapsenlapsen kanssa. IsoĂ€itivaikutus lapsenlapsen lukiokouluttautumiselle havaittiin perheissĂ€, joilla on vain vĂ€hĂ€n sosioekonomisia resursseja tai joilla on paljon sukulaisia. Tulosten mukaan setien ja tĂ€tien koulutuksen kokonaismÀÀrĂ€ kompensoi vanhemman matalaa koulutusta, joka lisÀÀ todennĂ€köisyyttĂ€, ettĂ€ lapset kouluttautuvat pidemmĂ€lle. Yhteys voidaan havaita vain Ă€idin puolen setien ja tĂ€tien osalta. Tulokset tukevat sekĂ€ evolutiivista tulkintaa sukulaisvaikutuksista ettĂ€ suvun sisĂ€isen sosiaalisen pÀÀoman tĂ€rkeydestĂ€ koulutuksen ylisukupolvisessa liikkuvuudessa. VĂ€itöskirjan neljĂ€n artikkelin mukaan vanhempien ja perheen ulkopuolisten sukulaisten resurssit selittĂ€vĂ€t lasten koulutusta ja sosioekonomista asemaa vain vĂ€hĂ€n ja syyt, miksi hyvĂ€osainen perhetausta on yhteydessĂ€ korkeaan sosiaaliseen asemaan, on enemmĂ€n muissa tekijöissĂ€ kuin vanhempien ja muiden sukulaisten resursseissa. Sosiaalisen liikkuvuuden ja mahdollisuuksien tasa-arvon tutkimuksessa pitĂ€isikin huomioida myös muita tekijöitĂ€, kuten perittyjen geneettisten taipumusten vaikutukset, eikĂ€ tulkita vanhempi-lapsi korrelaatioiden ilmentĂ€vĂ€n sukulaisten sosioekonomisia resursseja
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