Mécanismes de régulation de la balance prolifération/différenciation érythroïde par les facteurs de transcription GATA-1, FOG-1, E2F et la voie de signalisation Akt

With more than 100 billion red blood cells generated every day, the erythroid lineage has the largest output of cell production in adult mammals. This production requires a tight balance between cell proliferation, mainly controlled by erythropoietin (Epo)/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and erythroid differentiation induced by GATA-1 and FOG-1 transcription factors. Various links between these two processes have been previously demonstrated in the laboratory: 1) Epo-activated Akt directly phosphorylates GATA-1 transcription factors, and this phosphorylation seems to be involved in erythroid differentiation; 2) GATA-1 binds to the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and the resulting complex is essential for terminal erythropoiesis.We investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell proliferation/differentiation balance during terminal erythropoiesis; in particular, we studied the molecular and physiological role of Epo-induced GATA-1 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that this phosphorylation is one of the key processes in erythropoiesis dynamics. In its unphosphorylated form, GATA-1 can break cell cycle progression via GATA-1/pRb/E2F complex. This preliminary step is necessary for terminal erythroid differentiation. GATA-1 phosphorylation promotes GATA-1/pRb/E2F dissociation, allowing cell cycle progression, and GATA-1/FOG-1 binding, necessary to activate erythroid genes. Our model provides a molecular explanation for the arrest of terminal erythroid differentiation observed in the non-FOG-1-binding mutant GATA-1V205G. We show that the constitutive phosphorylation of GATA-1V205G and the increase of FOG-1 protein amount rescue erythroid differentiation in vitro. Finally, knock-in expression of unphosphorylatable GATA-1 in mice leads to lethal anemia when the IGF-1 signaling pathway is inhibited. This shows the importance of the molecular dynamics of GATA-1 phosphorylation, and highlights the major role of IGF-1 in erythropoiesis, in vivo.In conclusion, we propose a new molecular model for the control of the balance between proliferation and erythroid differentiation. GATA-1 phosphorylation by Akt coordinates the involvement of GATA-1 in two different functional protein complexes: GATA-1/pRb/E2F and GATA-1/FOG-1. We also highlight the major role of IGF-1 in compensating for the lack of GATA-1 phosphorylation in vivo.Avec plus de 100 milliards de globules rouges produits chaque jour, le lignage érythroïde présente la plus grande capacité de production cellulaire chez le mammifère adulte. Cette production requiert une balance fine entre la prolifération cellulaire, régulée principalement par la voie de signalisation érythropoïétine (Epo)/PI3K/Akt, et la différenciation érythroïde induite par le couple de facteurs de transcription GATA-1/FOG-1. Des interconnexions entre ces deux grands systèmes ont été décrites dans le laboratoire : 1) le facteur de transcription GATA-1 est phosphorylé par Akt en réponse à l’Epo et cette phosphorylation semble avoir un rôle dans la différenciation érythroïde ; 2) GATA-1 est capable d’interagir avec la protéine du rétinoblastome pRb, impliquée dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire, et le complexe formé est nécessaire à l’érythropoïèse terminale.L'objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la balance prolifération/différenciation cellulaire au cours de l’érythropoïèse, et en particulier de déterminer le rôle moléculaire et physiologique de la phosphorylation de GATA-1 par Akt en réponse à l’Epo. Nos travaux ont montré que cette phosphorylation est une des clefs de la dynamique de l’érythropoïèse. Dans sa forme non phosphorylée, GATA-1 ralentit le cycle cellulaire via le complexe GATA-1/pRb/E2F. Cette étape préliminaire est nécessaire à la mise en place de la différenciation érythroïde terminale. La phosphorylation de GATA-1 induit d’une part la dissociation de GATA-1/pRb/E2F favorisant l’expansion cellulaire, et d’autre part la formation du complexe GATA-1/FOG-1 nécessaire à l’activation des gènes érythroïdes. Ce modèle apporte une explication moléculaire au blocage de la différenciation érythroïde terminale induite par le mutant GATA-1V205G qui n’interagit pas avec FOG-1. Ainsi, la phosphorylation constitutive de GATA-1V205G et l’augmentation de la quantité relative de FOG-1 permettent de restaurer la différenciation érythroïde induite par ce mutant in vitro. Enfin, l’étude d’un modèle murin exprimant une protéine GATA-1 non phosphorylable par Akt montre l’apparition d’une anémie létale lorsque la voie IGF-1 est inhibée. Cela démontre l’importance de la dynamique moléculaire induite par la phosphorylation de GATA-1, et met en évidence le rôle majeur de l’IGF-1 dans l’érythropoïèse in vivo.En conclusion, nous proposons un nouveau modèle moléculaire de la régulation de la balance prolifération/différenciation érythroïde dans lequel la phosphorylation de GATA-1 par Akt coordonne la distribution de GATA-1 dans deux complexes protéiques fonctionnels différents : GATA-1/pRb/E2F versus GATA-1/FOG-1. Nous mettons également en évidence l’IGF-1 comme acteur central de la compensation mise en place in vivo pour pallier à l’absence de phosphorylation de GATA-1

Ingestion and depuration of microplastics by a planktivorous coral reef fish, Pomacentrus amboinensis

Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments and organisms. Concerns about potential impacts on marine organisms are usually associated with uptake of microplastics, especially via ingestion. This study used environmentally relevant exposure conditions to investigate microplastic ingestion and depuration kinetics of the planktivorous damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. Irregular shaped blue polypropylene (PP) particles (longest length 125–250 μm), and regular shaped blue polyester (PET) fibers (length 600–700 μm) were selected based on physical and chemical characteristics of microplastics commonly reported in the marine environment, including in coral reef ecosystems. Individual adult damselfish were exposed to a single dose of PP particles and PET fibers at concentrations reported for waters of the Great Barrier Reef (i.e., environmentally relevant concentrations, ERC), or future projected higher concentrations (10x ERC, 100x ERC). Measured microplastic concentrations were similar to their nominal values, confirming that PP particles and PET fibers were present at the desired concentrations and available for ingestion by individual damselfish. Throughout the 128-h depuration period, the 88 experimental fish were sampled 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128-h post microplastic exposure and their gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) analyzed for ingested microplastics. While damselfish ingested both experimental microplastics at all concentrations, body burden, and depuration rates of PET fibers were significantly larger and longer, respectively, compared to PP particles. For both microplastic types, exposure to higher concentrations led to an increase in body burden and lower depuration rates. These findings confirm ingestion of PP particles and PET fibers by P. amboinensis and demonstrate for the first time the influence of microplastic characteristics and concentrations on body burden and depuration rates. Finally, despite measures put in place to prevent contamination, extraneous microplastics were recovered from experimental fish, highlighting the challenge to completely eliminate contamination in microplastic exposure studies. These results are critical to inform and continuously improve protocols for future microplastics research, and to elucidate patterns of microplastic contamination and associated risks in marine organisms

Cross-species comparative analysis of Dicer proteins during Sindbis virus infection

In plants and invertebrates RNA silencing is a major defense mechanism against virus infections. The first event in RNA silencing is dicing of long double stranded RNAs into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The Dicer proteins involved in this process are phylogenetically conserved and have the same domain organization. Accordingly, the production of viral derived siRNAs has also been observed in the mouse, but only in restricted cell types. To gain insight on this restriction, we compare the dicing activity of human Dicer and fly Dicer-2 in the context of Sindbis virus (SINV) infection. Expression of human Dicer in flies inefficiently rescues the production of viral siRNAs but confers some protection against SINV. Conversely, expression of Dicer-2 in human cells allows the production of viral 21 nt small RNAs. However, this does not confer resistance to viral infection, but on the contrary results in stronger accumulation of viral RNA. We further show that Dicer-2 expression in human cells perturbs interferon (IFN) signaling pathways and antagonizes protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated antiviral immunity. Overall, our data suggest that a functional incompatibility between the Dicer and IFN pathways explains the predominance of the IFN response in mammalian somatic cells

Investigations of the Mars Upper Atmosphere with ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

The Martian mesosphere and thermosphere, the region above about 60 km, is not the primary target of the ExoMars 2016 mission but its Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) can explore it and address many interesting issues, either in-situ during the aerobraking period or remotely during the regular mission. In the aerobraking phase TGO peeks into thermospheric densities and temperatures, in a broad range of latitudes and during a long continuous period. TGO carries two instruments designed for the detection of trace species, NOMAD and ACS, which will use the solar occultation technique. Their regular sounding at the terminator up to very high altitudes in many different molecular bands will represent the first time that an extensive and precise dataset of densities and hopefully temperatures are obtained at those altitudes and local times on Mars. But there are additional capabilities in TGO for studying the upper atmosphere of Mars, and we review them briefly. Our simulations suggest that airglow emissions from the UV to the IR might be observed outside the terminator. If eventually confirmed from orbit, they would supply new information about atmospheric dynamics and variability. However, their optimal exploitation requires a special spacecraft pointing, currently not considered in the regular operations but feasible in our opinion. We discuss the synergy between the TGO instruments, specially the wide spectral range achieved by combining them. We also encourage coordinated operations with other Mars-observing missions capable of supplying simultaneous measurements of its upper atmosphere

Enabling planetary science across light-years. Ariel Definition Study Report

Ariel, the Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, was adopted as the fourth medium-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision programme to be launched in 2029. During its 4-year mission, Ariel will study what exoplanets are made of, how they formed and how they evolve, by surveying a diverse sample of about 1000 extrasolar planets, simultaneously in visible and infrared wavelengths. It is the first mission dedicated to measuring the chemical composition and thermal structures of hundreds of transiting exoplanets, enabling planetary science far beyond the boundaries of the Solar System. The payload consists of an off-axis Cassegrain telescope (primary mirror 1100 mm x 730 mm ellipse) and two separate instruments (FGS and AIRS) covering simultaneously 0.5-7.8 micron spectral range. The satellite is best placed into an L2 orbit to maximise the thermal stability and the field of regard. The payload module is passively cooled via a series of V-Groove radiators; the detectors for the AIRS are the only items that require active cooling via an active Ne JT cooler. The Ariel payload is developed by a consortium of more than 50 institutes from 16 ESA countries, which include the UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Spain, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, and a NASA contribution

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Etude des paramètres influençant la biodégradation de la polycaprolactone; synthèse et caractérisation d'un copolymère multiséquence polycaprolactone/polyhexamethylène térephtalate

Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe