The IRAS 1-Jy Survey of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: I. The sample and Luminosity Function

A complete flux-limited sample of 118 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) has been identified from the IRAS Faint Source Catalog (FSC). The selection criteria were a 60 micron flux density greater than 1 Jy in a region of the sky delta > -40 deg, |b| > 30 deg. All sources were subsequently reprocessed using coadded IRAS maps in order to obtain the best available flux estimates in all four IRAS wavelength bands. The maximum observed infrared luminosity is L_ir = 10^{12.90} L_{sun}, and the maximum redshift is z = 0.268. The luminosity function for ULIGs over the decade luminosity range L_ir = 10^{12} - 10^{13} L_{sun} can be approximated by a power law Phi (L) ~= L^{-2.35} Mpc^{-3} mag^{-1}. In the local Universe z < 0.1, the space density of ULIGs appears to be comparable to or slightly larger than that of optically selected QSOs at comparable bolometric luminosities. A maximum likelihood test suggests strong evolution for our sample; assuming density evolution proportional to (1+z)^{alpha} we find alpha = 7.6+/-3.2. Examination of the two-point correlation function shows a barely significant level of clustering, xi (r) = 1.6 +/- 1.2, on size scales r ~= 22 h^{-1} Mpc.Comment: 18 pages of text, 10 pages of figures 1 to 6, 6 pages of tables 1 to 3, ApJS accepte

Attentional biases for food stimuli in external eaters: Possible mechanism for stress-induced eating?

External eaters reportedly increase snack intake when stressed, which could be due to an attentional shift towards food stimuli. Attentional biases for food stimuli were tested in high and low external eaters in stress and control conditions, using a computerised Stroop. A significant interaction was observed between external eating group and condition for snack word bias. This suggested that low external eaters have a greater bias for snack words when unstressed and that stressed, high external eaters have a greater bias for snack words than stressed, low external eaters, which could contribute to stress-induced snack intake in high external eaters

Activity of a Novel bcl-2/bcl-xL-Bispecific Antisense Oligonucleotide Against Tumors of Diverse Histologic Origins

Background: Increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL is involved in the development and progression of many tumors. We recently reported that the bcl-2/bcl-xL-bispecific antisense oligonucleotide 4625 induces apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells. To further assess the therapeutic potential of oligonucleotide 4625, we investigated its effect on a series of human tumor cell lines of diverse histologic origins in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Oligonucleotide 4625-mediated inhibition of bcl-2 and bcl-xL expression in vitro was measured in breast carcinoma cells with the use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and western blotting. Cytotoxicity was assessed in several different cell lines by measurement of tumor cell growth, propidium iodide uptake, and nuclear apoptosis. The in vivo activity of oligonucleotide 4625 was determined by the inhibition of growth of established tumor xenografts in nude mice, immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x proteins in the tumors, and western blotting of tumor lysates. Apoptosis in tumor xenografts was detected with the use of in situ TUNEL (i.e., terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling) staining. All statistical tests are two-sided. Results: In breast carcinoma cells, oligonucleotide 4625 treatment reduced bcl-2 and bcl-xL messenger RNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. At 600 nM, oligonucleotide 4625 reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein levels to 25% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 34%) and 20% (95% CI = 14% to 26%), respectively, of the levels in untreated cells and it decreased viability in all cell lines mainly by inducing apoptosis. In vivo, oligonucleotide 4625 statistically significantly inhibited the growth of breast and colorectal carcinoma xenografts by 51% (95% CI = 28% to 74%) and 59% (95% CI = 44% to 74%), respectively, relative to those treated with control oligonucleotide 4626; it also reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein levels and induced tumor cell apoptosis. Conclusion: The bcl-2/bcl-xL-bispecific antisense oligonucleotide 4625 merits further study as a novel compound for cancer therap

Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 observations of hyperluminous infrared galaxies

We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 I-band imaging for a sample of nine hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HLIRGs) spanning a redshift range 0.45 &lt; z &lt; 1.34. Three of the sample have morphologies showing evidence for interactions and six are quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Host galaxies in the QSOs are detected reliably out to z ∼ 0.8. The detected QSO host galaxies have an elliptical morphology with scalelengths spanning 6.5 &lt; re (kpc) &lt; 88 and absolute k-corrected magnitudes spanning −24.5 &lt; MI &lt; −25.2. There is no clear correlation between the infrared (IR) power source and the optical morphology. None of the sources in the sample, including F15307+3252, shows any evidence for gravitational lensing. We infer that the IR luminosities are thus real. Based on these results, and previous studies of HLIRGs, we conclude that this class of object is broadly consistent with being a simple extrapolation of the ULIRG population to higher luminosities; ULIRGs being mainly violently interacting systems powered by starbursts and/or active galactic nuclei. Only a small number of sources, the infrared luminosities of which exceed 1013 L⊙, are intrinsically less luminous objects that have been boosted by gravitational lensing

Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: Atlas of Near-Infrared Images

A sample of 27 ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) systems has been imaged at 1.6 microns using the HST Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). These ULIRGs are from a larger sample also imaged with HST in the I-band. Images and catalog information for the NICMOS subsample, as well as brief morphological descriptions of each system are presented. Inspection of the infrared images and a comparison with optical images of these systems shows that at least 85% are obviously composed of two or more galaxies involved in a close interaction or merger event, with as many as 93% showing some signs of interaction history. Approximately 37% of the systems show either spectroscopic or morphological characteristics of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The infrared morphologies of these systems are generally less complicated or disturbed than their optical morphologies, indicating that some of the small-scale features seen in optical images are likely due to complicated patterns of dust obscuration, as well as widely distributed star formation activity. In some systems the high-resolution HST infrared images have revealed nuclear remnants that are obscured or unidentified in ground-based imaging, which has led to changes in previously determined interaction stage classifications or system content. In general, however, the NICMOS images support previous conclusions from previous HST optical imaging.Comment: To appear in ApJSupp; 9 embedded figures; Complete ps copy with higher resolution figures available at http://www.stsci.edu/~bushous

An ISOCAM survey through gravitationally lensing galaxy clusters

ISOCAM was used to perform a deep survey through three gravitationally lensing clusters of galaxies. Nearly seventy sq. arcmin were covered over the clusters A370, A2218 and A2390. We present maps and photometry at 6.7 & 14.3 microns, showing a total of 145 mid-IR sources and the associated source counts. The 15 micron counts reach the faintest level yet recorded. All sources have counterparts in the optical or near-IR. Models of the clusters were used to correct for the effects of lensing, which increases the sensitivity of the survey. Seven of fifteen SCUBA sources were detected at 15 microns. Five have redshift between 0.23 & 2.8, with a median of 0.9. The field sources were counted to a lensing-corrected sensitivity of 30 microJy at 15 microns, and 14 microJy at 7 microns. The counts, corrected for completeness, contamination by cluster sources and lensing, confirm and extend findings of an excess by a factor of ten in the 15 micron population with respect to source models with no evolution. Source redshifts are mostly between 0.4 and 1.5. For the counts at 7 microns, integrating from 14 microJy to 460 microJy, we resolve 0.49+/-0.2 nW.m^(-2).sr^(-1) of the infrared background light (IBL) into discrete sources. At 15 microns we include the counts from other ISOCAM surveys to integrate from 30 microJy to 50 mJy, two to three times deeper than unlensed surveys, to resolve 2.7+/-0.62 nW.m^(-2).sr^(-1) of the IBL. These values are 10% and 55%, respectively, of the upper limit to the IBL, derived from photon-photon pair production of the TeV gamma rays from BL-Lac sources on the IBL photons. However, recent detections of TeV gamma rays from the z=0.129 BL Lac H1426+428 suggest that the 15 micron background reported implies substantial absorption of TeV photons from that source.Comment: 35 pages, 17 figures, to appear in Astronomy and Astrophysics, full paper with high-resolution figures available at http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/science/pub/2003

1966

Proper Watering by Earl P. Grey (page 1) Soil Structure and Plant Feeding for Trees and Shrubs on the Golf Course by William Teece (2) Power Golf Carts: A Blessing or a Curse by David Dunlavey (3) A Comparison by Paul White (3) Trees on a Golf Course by Oliver Leech (5) Turf Management Majors Want a Golf Team by Richard Rossiter (6) Class Will of \u2766 (7)Famous Last Words from 1966 (8) Turf Heating with Electric Cables by J.R. Barrett, Jr. and W.H. Daniel (A-1) Poa Annua Restriction by C. F. Kerr and W.H. Daniel (A-9) Phosphorus by Marvin H. Ferguson (A-14) Role of Potassium in Turf Grass management by R. E. Wagner (A-16) Role of Minor Elements in Turfgrass Management by Alexander Radko (A-22) Rhizoctonia Brown patch and Pythium Diseas by Malcolm C. Shurtleff (A-27) Sclerotinia Dollar Spot and Snow Mold by Noel Jackson (A-32) Fusarium Blight - Disease of Turf Grasses by George A. Bean (A-35) Observing the Weather - Old and New Techniques by Robert C. Copeland (A-39) Water Supply by Allan Grieve Jr. (A-41) Establishment and Maintenance of Campus Turf by William A. Lambert (A-51) Athletic Field Management by J. T. Williams (A-56

From Screening to Synthesis: Using NVivo to Enhance Transparency in Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

Aims and objectives The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis was to explore the experiences and perceptions of health care staff caring for people with dementia in the acute setting. This paper focuses on the methodological process of conducting framework synthesis using NVivo for each stage of the review: screening, data extraction, synthesis and critical appraisal. Background Qualitative evidence synthesis brings together many research findings in a meaningful way that can be used to guide practice and policy development. For this purpose, synthesis must be conducted in a comprehensive and rigorous way. There has been previous discussion on how using NVivo can assist in enhancing and illustrate the rigorous processes involved. Design Qualitative Framework Synthesis. Methods Twelve documents, or research reports, based on nine studies, were included for synthesis. Conclusion The benefits of using NVivo are outlined in terms of facilitating teams of researchers to systematically and rigorously synthesise findings. NVivo functions were used to conduct a sensitivity analysis. Some valuable lessons were learned and these are presented to assist and guide researchers who wish to use similar methods in future

Exploring concepts of health with male prisoners in three category-C English prisons

Lay understandings of health and illness have a well established track record and a plethora of research now exists which has examined these issues. However, there is a dearth of research which has examined the perspectives of those who are imprisoned. This paper attempts to address this research gap. The paper is timely given that calls have been made to examine lay perspectives in different geographical locations and a need to re-examine health promotion approaches in prison settings. Qualitative data from thirty-six male sentenced prisoners from three prisons in England were collected. The data was analysed in accordance with Attride-Stirling's (2001) thematic network approach. Although the men's perceptions of health were broadly similar to the general population, some interesting findings emerged which were directly related to prison life and its associated structures. These included access to the outdoors and time out of their prison cell, as well as maintaining relationships with family members through visits. The paper proposes that prisoners' lay views should be given higher priority given that prison health has traditionally been associated with medical treatment and the bio-medical paradigm more generally. It also suggests that in order to fulfil the World Health Organization's (WHO) vision of viewing prisons as health promoting settings, lay views should be recognised to shape future health promotion policy and practice