Avant propos au numéro spécial : "Analyse statistique implicative"

Photograph taken by Salt Lake Tribune staf

Brigandes : complicités et activités criminelles féminines dans la pègre parisienne (1728-1733)

Longtemps négligée par les chercheurs, l'histoire de la violence féminine s'impose désormais comme un objet d'étude autonome. D'abord confrontée à l'irrémédiabilité du « chiffre noir » dans les archives criminelles, la violence féminine permet maintenant de saisir la voix de la recluse, de la prisonnière, de l'hystérique, de la voleuse ou de la révolutionnaire. L'historien Patrice Péveri utilisa en 1994 la formule de « pègre parisienne » pour désigner le monde des voleurs tel qu'il avait été construit par la justice royale, puis colporté par l'imaginaire urbain, dans le cadre de l'affaire Cartouche (1720-1722) : pendant la Régence et à travers les déboires du système financier de Law, plus de 600 « cartouchiens » furent condamnés pour leurs crimes et, par-delà la « cour des miracles » pensée et nourrie par la littérature de la gueuserie du XVIe siècle, les bandes criminelles constituèrent une nouvelle forme d'anti-société. Or, certes moins connues aujourd'hui, deux autres affaires criminelles inquiétèrent pourtant la population parisienne pendant les premières années du règne de Louis XV. La bande à Nivet (1728-1729) et la bande à Raffiat (1731-1733), considérées par les contemporains comme « pires que Cartouche », ont fait l'objet de procédures criminelles multiples et d'exécutions nombreuses. C'est à travers les pièces de ces deux procès jugés au Parlement de Paris que nous voulons explorer la criminalité et la violence féminines en milieu urbain.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Paris, XVIIIe siècle, Femme, Criminalité, Bande, Procès, Interrogatoire

Teaching Sodium Fast Reactor Technology and Operation for the Present and Future Generations of SFR Users

International audienceThis paper provides a description of the education and training activities related to sodium fast reactors, carried out respectively in the French Sodium and Liquid Metal School (ESML) created in 1975 and located in France (at the CEA Cadarache Research Centre), in the Fast Reactor Operation and Safety School (FROSS) created in 2005 at the Phenix plant, and in the Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucle'aires (INSTN). It presents their recent developments and the current collaborations throughout the world with some other nuclear organizations and industrial companies. Owing to these three entities, CEA provides education and training sessions for students, researchers, and operators involved in the operation or development of sodium fast reactors and related experimental facilities. The sum of courses provided by CEA through its sodium school, FROSS, and INSTN organizations is a unique valuable amount of knowledge on sodium fast reactor design, technology, safety and operation experience, decommissioning aspects and practical exercises. It is provided for the national demand and, since the last ten years, it is extensively opened to foreign countries. Over more than 35 years, the ESML, FROSS, and INSTN have demonstrated their flexibility in adapting their courses to the changing demand in the sodium fast reactor field, operation of PHENIX and SUPERPHENIX plants, and decommissioning and dismantling operations. The results of this ambitious and constant strategy are first sharing of knowledge obtained from experimental studies carried out in research laboratories and operational feedback from reactors, secondly standardized information on safety, and finally the creation of a ''sodium community'' that debates, shares the knowledge, and suggests new tracks for a better definition of design and operating rules

Inconsistencies between measures of cognitive dysfunction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors : description and understanding

Objectives The frequency of cognitive difficulties in childhood cancer survivors varies according to the measurement strategy. The goal of this research is to (a) describe agreements and differences between measures of working memory and attention (b) identify contributors of these differences, such as emotional distress, affects, and fatigue. Methods We used data available for 138 adults successfully treated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (PETALE cohort). Working memory and attention were assessed using subtests from the WAIS‐IV and self‐reported questionnaires (BRIEF‐SR and CAARS‐S:L). Potential contributors included emotional distress, anxiety, depression (BSI‐18), affects (PANAS), and fatigue (PedsQL‐MFS). We explored measurement agreements and differences using diagnostic indices and multivariate regression models. Results The frequencies of working memory and attention deficits were higher when using cognitive tests (15%‐21%) than with self‐reports (10%‐11%). Self‐reported questionnaires showed high specificity (median 0.87) and low sensitivity (median 0.10), suggesting they did not reliably identify positive cases on cognitive tests. We identified negative affectivity as a possible contributor to inconsistencies between self‐report and test results. Conclusions When measuring working memory and attention in childhood ALL survivors, cognitive test results and self‐reports should not be considered equivalent. At best, self‐report may be used for screening (high specificity), but not to assess prevalence in large samples. Self‐reported difficulties are also probably influenced by the negative mood in this population

Prevalence and temporal trends of crack injection among injection drug users in eastern central Canada

Background: Little is known about crack injection and its temporal trends in North America. This article describes the extent of crack injection and examines temporal trends among injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from 2003 to 2010 in the SurvUDI network. Methods: IDUs who injected recently (past 6 months) were recruited in harm reduction and health programs in eastern central Canada. Trend analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations. Some IDUs participated multiple times; first interview was retained for the descriptive analyses, while first interview per year was retained for the trend analyses. Results: Of the 4088 IDUs recruited, 15.2% (621) reported crack injection; large variations across sites were noted (range: 0.3%-39.5%). Trend analyses were limited to Ottawa (449 crack injectors) and Montréal (121). For Ottawa, a significant decline was observed, from 48.3% to 36.9%, with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 0.97 per year (95%CI: 0.94-0.99). For Montréal, a significant rise was observed, from 6.0% to 18.4%, with a PR of 1.29 per year (95%CI: 1.19-1.40). Conclusions: Strong variations in crack injection exist throughout the SurvUDI network, and reversed temporal trends have been observed in Ottawa and Montréal. These data will be useful to local harm reduction programs to evaluate the need to distribute items required by crack injectors and to develop prevention messages

La conciliation travail-famille chez les employés universitaires ayant des enfants de 11 ans et moins dans le contexte de la pandémie de la COVID-19

Cadre de la recherche : Bien que tous les résidents du Québec aient été affectés par la pandémie de la COVID-19 et par les mesures sanitaires et sociales mises en place depuis le 13 mars 2020, les parents occupant un emploi rémunéré ont été particulièrement affectés par les différents stresseurs engendrés par cette crise, et ce, tant dans leur vie familiale que professionnelle. Dans un tel contexte, il apparaît pertinent de se pencher sur les conséquences engendrées par la pandémie sur la conciliation travail-famille, et plus particulièrement sur les facteurs qui y sont associés. Objectifs : La présente étude vise à documenter les caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et professionnelles associées à la conciliation travail-famille chez les employés universitaires ayant des enfants âgés de 11 ans ou moins dans le contexte de la pandémie. Méthodologie : Les données utilisées pour la présente étude ont été collectées entre le 24 avril et le 5 juin 2020 par le biais d’un sondage en ligne. Au total, 217 membres du personnel de dix établissements du Réseau de l’Université du Québec (RUQ) ont rempli le questionnaire, comprenant notamment des questions liées à la conciliation travail-famille. Des régressions linéaires multiples ont permis de déterminer l’influence respective des facteurs associés à la conciliation travail-famille. Résultats : De façon générale, cette étude indique que les employés universitaires ayant des enfants âgés de 11 ans ou moins présentent majoritairement un conflit travail-famille modéré ou élevé dans le contexte de la pandémie. Elle permet également de mettre en lumière certains facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de faire obstacle à la conciliation travail-famille dans cette population de parents, à savoir : le niveau de pression dans l’exercice du rôle parental, la satisfaction du partage des tâches liées aux soins et à l’éducation des enfants, la catégorie d’emploi, la stabilité du rendement au travail et le nombre de jeunes enfants d’âge scolaire. Conclusions : Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de mettre en œuvre des programmes de soutien professionnels et familiaux ainsi que des mesures de répit pour les parents ayant de jeunes enfants d’âge scolaire, afin de les aider à concilier leurs responsabilités familiales et professionnelles en temps de crise. Contribution : Bien que certaines études aient permis de documenter des facteurs associés à la conciliation travail-famille en temps de pandémie, ces dernières demeurent peu nombreuses et une seule a été réalisée en contexte québécois. Or, la conciliation travail-famille est susceptible d’être vécue différemment au Québec, qui se distingue des autres pays en ce qui a trait à sa politique familiale. De plus, cette étude est la première à s’intéresser aux employés universitaires, un groupe de travailleurs faisant partie des premiers à avoir été affectés par les fermetures des établissements scolaires au printemps 2020. Research Framework : Although all Quebec residents have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and by the health and social measures put in place since March 2020, working parents have been particularly affected by the various stressors caused by this crisis, in both their family and professional life. In such a context, it seems relevant to examine the consequences of the pandemic on work-family balance, and more specifically on the factors associated with it. Objectives : The purpose of this study is to document the personal, family and work characteristics associated with work-family balance among university employees with children aged 11 or younger in the context of the pandemic. Methodology : The data used for this study were collected between April 24 and June 5, 2020, through an online survey. A total of 217 staff members from ten institutions of the Quebec University Network completed the survey, which included questions related to work-family balance. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine the respective influence of factors associated with the work-family balance. Results : Overall, this study shows that university employees having children aged 11 or younger present a majority of moderate to high work-family conflict in the context of the pandemic. It also highlights some of the factors that may help or hinder work-family balance in this population of parents, namely level of parenting strain, satisfaction with sharing childcare and parenting duties, job category, stability of job performance, and number of young school-aged children. Conclusions : These findings underscore the importance of implementing work and family support programs and respite measures for parents with young school-aged children to help them balance their family and work responsibilities in times of crisis. Contribution : Although some studies have documented factors associated with work-family balance in times of pandemic, they remain few and only one has been conducted in the Quebec context. Work-family balance is likely to be experienced differently in Quebec, which is different from other countries in terms of its family policy. In addition, this study is the first to look at university employees, a group of workers who were among the first to be affected by the school closures in the spring of 2020

Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and also have high levels of homelessness and unstable housing. We assessed whether homelessness or unstable housing is associated with an increased risk of HIV or HCV acquisition among PWID compared with PWID who are not homeless or are stably housed. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we updated an existing database of HIV and HCV incidence studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and June 13, 2017. Using the same strategy as for this existing database, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO for studies, including conference abstracts, published between June 13, 2017, and Sept 14, 2020, that estimated HIV or HCV incidence, or both, among community-recruited PWID. We only included studies reporting original results without restrictions to study design or language. We contacted authors of studies that reported HIV or HCV incidence, or both, but did not report on an association with homelessness or unstable housing, to request crude data and, where possible, adjusted effect estimates. We extracted effect estimates and pooled data using random-effects meta-analyses to quantify the associations between recent (current or within the past year) homelessness or unstable housing compared with not recent homelessness or unstable housing, and risk of HIV or HCV acquisition. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and between-study heterogeneity using the I2 statistic and p value for heterogeneity. Findings: We identified 14 351 references in our database search, of which 392 were subjected to full-text review alongside 277 studies from our existing database. Of these studies, 55 studies met inclusion criteria. We contacted the authors of 227 studies that reported HIV or HCV incidence in PWID but did not report association with the exposure of interest and obtained 48 unpublished estimates from 21 studies. After removal of duplicate data, we included 37 studies with 70 estimates (26 for HIV; 44 for HCV). Studies originated from 16 countries including in North America, Europe, Australia, east Africa, and Asia. Pooling unadjusted estimates, recent homelessness or unstable housing was associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV (crude relative risk [cRR] 1·55 [95% CI 1·23–1·95; p=0·0002]; I2= 62·7%; n=17) and HCV (1·65 [1·44–1·90; p<0·0001]; I2= 44·8%; n=28]) among PWID compared with those who were not homeless or were stably housed. Associations for both HIV and HCV persisted when pooling adjusted estimates (adjusted relative risk for HIV: 1·39 [95% CI 1·06–1·84; p=0·019]; I2= 65·5%; n=9; and for HCV: 1·64 [1·43–1·89; p<0·0001]; I2= 9·6%; n=14). For risk of HIV acquisition, the association for unstable housing (cRR 1·82 [1·13–2·95; p=0·014]; n=5) was higher than for homelessness (1·44 [1·13–1·83; p=0·0036]; n=12), whereas no difference was seen between these outcomes for risk of HCV acquisition (1·72 [1·48–1·99; p<0·0001] for unstable housing, 1·66 [1·37–2·00; p<0·0001] for homelessness). Interpretation: Homelessness and unstable housing are associated with increased risk of HIV and HCV acquisition among PWID. Our findings support the development of interventions that simultaneously address homelessness and unstable housing and HIV and HCV transmission in this population