Experimental comparison of PVD, CVD and CERAMIC tool inserts in turning of hardened EN 19/AISI 4140 for optimization of surface roughness and material removal rate

Abstract: The literature study on optimization of surface roughness states that there are many parameters that affect optimum surface roughness to be reached after machining. It is primarily seen that many researchers carried out their studies on various cutting parameters (viz. speed , feed , depth of cut) as their input parameters and concluded that Feed is important paramete

Efficacy and safety of dexlansoprazole: a comprehensive review

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains prevalent in medical practice. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the primary treatment, yet limitations exist. Dexlansoprazole modified release (MR), an R-enantiomer of lansoprazole, offers high efficacy. Its dual release in the duodenum and small intestine yields two peak concentrations at different times (2- and 5-hours post-administration), ensuring the longest maintenance of drug concentration and proton pump inhibitory effect among all PPIs. Dexlansoprazole MR effectively heals erosive esophagitis, maintains healed esophageal mucosa, and controls NERD symptoms. It also improves nocturnal heartburn, GERD-related sleep disturbances, and bothersome regurgitation. Importantly, it maintains good plasma concentration regardless of food intake, enabling flexible dosing. Furthermore, it does not significantly affect clopidogrel metabolism or platelet inhibition, eliminating the need for dose adjustments when co-prescribed. This review highlights dexlansoprazole's unique attributes, pharmacokinetics, advantages, and safety in comparison to traditional PPIs.

Impact of Safety-Related Dose Reductions or Discontinuations on Sustained Virologic Response in HCV-Infected Patients: Results from the GUARD-C Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, peginterferon alfa/ribavirin remains relevant in many resource-constrained settings. The non-randomized GUARD-C cohort investigated baseline predictors of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations (sr-RD) and their impact on sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients receiving peginterferon alfa/ribavirin in routine practice. METHODS: A total of 3181 HCV-mono-infected treatment-naive patients were assigned to 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa/ribavirin by their physician. Patients were categorized by time-to-first sr-RD (Week 4/12). Detailed analyses of the impact of sr-RD on SVR24 (HCV RNA <50 IU/mL) were conducted in 951 Caucasian, noncirrhotic genotype (G)1 patients assigned to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks. The probability of SVR24 was identified by a baseline scoring system (range: 0-9 points) on which scores of 5 to 9 and <5 represent high and low probability of SVR24, respectively. RESULTS: SVR24 rates were 46.1% (754/1634), 77.1% (279/362), 68.0% (514/756), and 51.3% (203/396), respectively, in G1, 2, 3, and 4 patients. Overall, 16.9% and 21.8% patients experienced ≥1 sr-RD for peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, respectively. Among Caucasian noncirrhotic G1 patients: female sex, lower body mass index, pre-existing cardiovascular/pulmonary disease, and low hematological indices were prognostic factors of sr-RD; SVR24 was lower in patients with ≥1 vs. no sr-RD by Week 4 (37.9% vs. 54.4%; P = 0.0046) and Week 12 (41.7% vs. 55.3%; P = 0.0016); sr-RD by Week 4/12 significantly reduced SVR24 in patients with scores <5 but not ≥5. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, sr-RD to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin significantly impacts on SVR24 rates in treatment-naive G1 noncirrhotic Caucasian patients. Baseline characteristics can help select patients with a high probability of SVR24 and a low probability of sr-RD with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin.This study was sponsored by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. Support for third-party writing assistance for this manuscript, furnished by Blair Jarvis MSc, ELS, of Health Interactions, was provided by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland

Impact of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations on sustained virologic response in HCV-infected patients: Results from the GUARD-C Cohort

Background: Despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, peginterferon alfa/ribavirin remains relevant in many resource-constrained settings. The non-randomized GUARD-C cohort investigated baseline predictors of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations (sr-RD) and their impact on sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients receiving peginterferon alfa/ribavirin in routine practice. Methods: A total of 3181 HCV-mono-infected treatment-naive patients were assigned to 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa/ribavirin by their physician. Patients were categorized by time-to-first sr-RD (Week 4/12). Detailed analyses of the impact of sr-RD on SVR24 (HCV RNA <50 IU/mL) were conducted in 951 Caucasian, noncirrhotic genotype (G)1 patients assigned to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks. The probability of SVR24 was identified by a baseline scoring system (range: 0-9 points) on which scores of 5 to 9 and <5 represent high and low probability of SVR24, respectively. Results: SVR24 rates were 46.1 % (754/1634), 77.1% (279/362), 68.0% (514/756), and 51.3% (203/396), respectively, in G1,2, 3, and 4 patients. Overall, 16.9% and 21.8% patients experienced 651 sr-RD for peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, respectively. Among Caucasian noncirrhotic G1 patients: female sex, lower body mass index, pre-existing cardiovascular/pulmonary disease, and low hematological indices were prognostic factors of sr-RD; SVR24 was lower in patients with 651 vs. no sr-RD by Week 4 (37.9% vs. 54.4%; P = 0.0046) and Week 12 (41.7% vs. 55.3%; P = 0.0016); sr-RD by Week 4/12 significantly reduced SVR24 in patients with scores <5 but not 655. Conclusions: In conclusion, sr-RD to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin significantly impacts on SVR24 rates in treatment-naive G1 noncirrhotic Caucasian patients. Baseline characteristics can help select patients with a high probability of SVR24 and a low probability of sr-RD with peginter-feron alfa-2a/ribavirin

STUDY OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN STIR CASTING METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF PARTICULATE COMPOSITE PLATE

Particulate composite is one of the promising materialsto fulfill the demands of modern technology. They find huge application inaerospace, automotive, structuraland marine industries.Particulate compositeconstituents ofa base materialcalled as matrixand other constituent is embeddedin matrix made of harder materialgenerally ceramic or non metallic materialcalled as reinforcement.Various processing techniques are available for manufacturing of particulate composites.Stir casting is one of the economical and extensivelyused methodsto enhance attractive properties of particulate composite.This paper presents an overview of stir casing process andprocess parameter havingAl alloy as a matrix phase and alumina (Al2O3) as a reinforcement

Hydrogenation of styrene oxide to 2-phenyl ethanol over polyurea microencapsulated mono- and bimetallic nanocatalysts: activity, selectivity, and kinetic modeling

Styrene oxide is an important precursor to prepare 2-phenyl ethanol (2-PEA) of high quality for its use as a fragrance chemical. Styrene oxide was selectively hydrogenated to 2-PEA with polyurea-microencapsulated (EnCat) Pd, Pd–Rh and Pd–Cu nanocatalysts with methanol as solvent and NaOH as promoter. The catalysts were fully characterized to understand their activity, selectivity, and stability. Pd–Cu EnCat was used for further studies. Complete conversion of styrene oxide with 92% selectivity to 2-PEA was obtained over Pd–Cu EnCat at 333 K and 607.8 kPa. Effects of various parameters were studied to understand the product profile. A bifunctional Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) mechanistic model was proposed. The kinetics of reaction was established and tested against experimental data. The results are new and provide a green and cost-effective process for the synthesis of 2-PEA

Selective hydrogenation of styrene oxide to 2-phenyl ethanol over polyurea supported Pd–Cu catalyst in supercritical carbon dioxide

2-Phenyl ethanol (2-PEA) is an important chemical which finds several applications in perfumes, deodorants, soaps and detergents. It is prepared by different polluting and dangerous routes. The current work is concerned with production of 2-PEA by hydrogenation of styrene oxide using polyurea encapsulated catalysts (EnCat) in methanol and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Bimetallic Pd–Cu catalyst encapsulated with polyurea, Pd–Cu EnCat, is the best catalyst. The epoxide ring in styrene oxide is selectively hydrogenated to give 2-PEA in scCO2 without formation of any isomerization or deoxygenated products, which are formed in methanol. A complete conversion of styrene oxide with 100% selectivity to 2-PEA was obtained without addition of any promoter. Effects of various parameters were studied and a bifunctional site Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetic model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The process is clean and green

Characterization of bacterial community shift in human Ulcerative Colitis patients revealed by Illumina based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing

BACKGROUND: The healthy human intestine is represented by the presence of bacterial communities predominantly belonging to obligate anaerobes; however disparity and dysanaerobiosis in intestinal microflora may lead to the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). The foremost aim of this study is to consider and compare the gut microbiota composition in patients suffering from different stages of UC. METHODS: This study represents data from the biopsy samples of six individuals suffering from UC. The samples were collected by colonoscopy and were processed immediately for isolation of DNA. Mucosal microbiota was analyzed by means of 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina high throughput sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to determine total bacterial abundances. RESULTS: Analysis of 23,927 OTUs demonstrated a significant reduction of bacterial diversity consistently from phylum to species level (p < 0.05) for individuals suffering from severe stage of UC. Significant increase in abundance of unusual aerobes and facultative anaerobes, including members from the phylum Proteobacteria (p- = 0.031) was also observed. A 10 fold increase in the total bacterial count was detected in patients suffering from severe inflammatory stage (2.98 +/-0.49 E + 09/ml) when compared with patients with moderate (1.03+/-0.29 E + 08/ml) and mild (1.76 +/-0.34 E + 08/ml) stages of inflammation. CONCLUSION: The reduction of bacterial diversity with an increase in the total bacterial count indicates a shift of bacterial communities which signifies dysbiosis and dysanaerobiosis at the mucosal level for patients suffering from UC