The durability of oral diabetic medications: Time to A1c baseline and a review of common oral medications used by the primary care provider.

Introduction:Cost of generic medications has risen more in the past few years than any other time in history. While medical insurance covers much of these costs, health care professionals can better provide medications that have the longest duration of action when compared to placebo-treated controls. This will save health care costs and improve prescribing accuracy. Methods:Papers in PubMed were identified with keywords placebo. The study must be at least 2 years in length to evaluate the change in A1c over time. The primary endpoint was time to A1c neutrality (return of A1c to baseline at a maximum dose of single oral agent). A medication would be considered at neutrality if the 95% CI crossed baseline. Time to neutrality was averaged for each medication within the class and each summarized for class effect. Results:Effective therapy for the DPP-4 and sulfonylurea classes of medications are 3-4 years as compared to a 5-year time to A1c neutrality for metformin usage. In comparison, the projected time to A1c neutrality was approximately 6-8 years for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. While only a few studies have been published in the SGLT-2 class of medication, the time to A1c neutrality was also 6-8 years with Canagliflozin and full dosage of Empagliflozin. Conclusion:Metformin appears to have a 5-year duration of effect before the A1c returns to baseline. The sulfonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors class of medications have one of the shortest durability which ranges between 3.3 to 4.4 years. In contrast, the SGLT-2 class of medication and the TZD class of medications has a projected time to A1c neutrality from 6-8 years. Diabetic duration of therapy as compared to placebo should be listed with those medications tested so the provider can choose wisely

Contraction and domination in fuzzy graphs

Fuzzy sets and logics is a true crowning achievement of the century. Among the variety of exemplary changes in science and technology, the concept of uncertainty played a significant role, which led to the development of fuzzy sets, which in turn helped in the transition from graph theory to fuzzy graph theory. This paper familiarizes an improved concept in fuzzy graphs, called contraction. Two types of contraction namely edge contraction and neighbourhood contraction are introduced. We developed these two concepts in fuzzy graphs and analyse its effect on domination number and edge domination number. Any research is meaningful only by its contribution to the society. The modern world and the field of networks are inseparable. We have applied our concept to a wired network problem.Publisher's Versio

Pulpotomy in Children Treated Under General Anaesthesia- A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Pulpotomy is a minimally invasive procedure in which the coronal part of the tooth is debrided and radicular part of the tooth remains intact. Sometime pulpotomy is done extensively affecting the tooth and it is too painful for a child to bear. So, in order to avoid the uncooperativeness of a child towards treatment, general anaesthesia is given safely without any harm. Aim: To analyse and evaluate the frequency of pulpotomies in children under general anaesthesia MATERIALS AND METHOD: Retrospective study was carried out in a private dental college and hospital which is located in Chennai. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional review prior to the start of the study. Data were collected from the records of children less than 15 years of age who were treated under general anesthesia between September 2020 and February 2021. Results: The most of the children who have treated pulpotomy under general anaesthesia were of the age group of 6 to 10 years and most of the children are male with a margin of difference of 9% than female. Conclusion: the frequency of children undergoing pulpotomy under general anaesthesia is slightly higher

An Analysis of Humanimalia in Octavia Butler’s Clay’s Ark

Octavia Estelle Butler can be considered a visionary writer from many perspectives. The prominent science and speculative fiction writer is known for her afrofuturistic tropes. Her novels reflect relevance in today’s scenario in myriad ways. Clay’s Ark (1984) is a part of the Patternist Series. In this novel, Butler envisioned a humanity plagued by an alien microbe from another star named Proxima Centauri. The novel traces the spread of the pandemic caused by the Clay’s Ark microbe resulting in hybrid children who mix human and animal characteristics. Butler chose the trope of the alien microbe in a very different yet believable way. The hybrid children are the next stage of evolution in Butler’s Patternists world. The aim of this paper is to explore the hybrid identities caused by the pandemic in Octavia Butler’s Clay’s Ark through the lens of biopolitics of difference and to reflect on the metaphorical significance of the same

THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES FROM EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS-REVIEW

Bioactive proteins and peptides were reported from many sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Many of them are having various bioactive characteristics like antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antihypertensive, antisporadical, anticancer etc., Moreover; many antimicrobial peptides employ sophisticated and dynamic mechanisms of action to effect rapid and potent activities consistent with their likely roles in antimicrobial host defense. The molecules exhibit an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic pathogens with different specificities and potencies depending on the structure and amino-acid composition of the proteins and peptides. Here we summarize investigations on bioactive proteins and peptides from edible and medicinal mushroom and discuss prospects for therapeutic applications

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters During Recovery in Children Treated Under General Anesthesia - A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction: General anesthesia is used predolminantly in pediatric dentistry. However, certain concerns over evaluating physiological parameters in children after postoperative dental treatment after under-recovery of general anesthesia still remain a concern Aim: The current study aim is to evaluate the physiological parameters during postoperative treatment on children treated over general anesthesia. Materials and methods: Children under the age group of 1-12 years were included in the study. The data of physiological parameters which include, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate were taken into the study from the DIAS record and were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The results show that the mean value of systolic heart pressure is 74.06, diastolic blood pressure is 37.52 and the average mean pulse rate is 131. Conclusion: The study concludes that all the physiological parameters were within the normal range during recovery in children who underwent dental treatment under general anesthesia

Revisiting the Fourier transform on the Heisenberg group

A recent theorem of S. Alesker, S. Artstein-Avidan and V. Milman characterises the Fourier transform on Rn as essentially the only transform on the space of tempered distributions which interchanges convolutions and pointwise products. In this note we study the image of the Schwartz space on the Heisenberg group under the Fourier transform and obtain a similar characterisation for the Fourier transform on the Heisenberg group

Productive performance of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) treated with coir pith based compost

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is an important vegetable which serves as a cash crop for the farmers of Sri Lanka. Due to high temperature, poor availability of water and improper nutrient management, the production of tomato is below the potential level. Coir pith compost (CPC) has favorable properties to be used as organic manure. Hence a pot experiment was conducted during the 'yala' season at the department of Agricultural Biology of Eastern University Sri Lanka to study the effects of CPC on the productive performance of tomato. Five treatments with recommended inorganic fertilizers (TO); farmyard manure (FYM) (Tl); CPC (T2); combination of FYM and inorganic fertilizers (T3); and combination of CPC and inorganic fertilizers (T4) were arranged in Complete Randomized Design with four replications. Performance of tomato was assessed in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and yield components such as number of fruits per plant, fruit size and fresh yield. The results revealed that the highest number of leaves and fruits per plant were recorded in T3. Mean fruit size and LAI were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in T4. Even though the highest yield was recorded in T4 it did not differ significantly (P< 0.05) with that of T3. It was noted that combined use of fertilizers either CPC and inorganic fertilizer or FYM and inorganic fertilizer has resulted in better yield (28% higher than control). Hence it could be concluded that coir pith compost can be used as an organic manure to improve the productivity of tomato cultivation