A PROPÓSITO DAS PEQUENAS UNIDADES DE ANÁLISE EM GEOGRAFIA URBANA: A UNIDADE DE VIZINHANÇA COMO REALIDADE GEOGRÁFICA INTRAURBANA

O presente artigo abordará alguns aspectos da estutura interna das cidades, nos quais os contatos entre os fatos geográficos e os fatos sociológicos são por vezes indiferenciáveis. Por este motivo, é conveniente anteceder tal estudo pela apreciação de algumas considerações sobre esses pontos de contato, mais do que sobre suas interfaces

Influence of feeding regimen on growth and steer finishing

Quarenta terneiros da raça Hereford foram utilizados no presente trabalho, onde estudou-se o efeito da suplementação com pastagem cultivada de inverno, azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) na época da desmama e/ou sobreano em comparação com animais mantidos exclusivamente em pastagem natural, no crescimento dos mesmos. Os novilhos que receberam o azevém na desmama e no sobreano atingiram 430 kg de peso vivo aos dois anos e foram abatidos. Os que tiveram acesso ao azevém apenas na desmama ou somente no sobreano atingiram esse peso aproximadamente aos três anos, e os mantidos permanentemente em pastagem natural, aos quatro anos. A avaliação das carcaças mostrou que os animais que tiveram boa alimentação no primeiro inverno apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento muscular que os que a tiveram no sobreano, e estes, melhor que os do tratamento testemunha. Os animais que receberam um nível alimentar adequado apresentaram menor proporção de osso e boa deposição de gordura. Fica evidente a necessidade de um bom regime alimentar para reduzir a idade de abate e melhorar a qualidade da carcaça.Forty Hereford steers were used to study the effect of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) supplementation during the winter at weaning time (first winter) and/or from 18 to 24 months of age (second winter) on their growth, in comparison with steers that were kept always in native pasture. The animals that grazed ryegrass during the first and second winter reached the live weight of 430 kg at two years of age and were slaughtered. Those that had access to the ryegrass only in the first or only in the second winter, obtained the same weight at approximately three years; and those that were kept exclusively in native grasses, reached it at four years of age. Carcass evaluation proved that the steers that had better nutrition in the first winter, produced carcasses with better muscling and adequate finish. The four-year old steers presented carcasses with poor proportion of muscle and a quite high percentage of bone. The need of a good feeding regime to reduce the slaughtering age and to better the carcass quality was evidenced

BIGDML: Towards Exact Machine Learning Force Fields for Materials

Machine-learning force fields (MLFF) should be accurate, computationally and data efficient, and applicable to molecules, materials, and interfaces thereof. Currently, MLFFs often introduce tradeoffs that restrict their practical applicability to small subsets of chemical space or require exhaustive datasets for training. Here, we introduce the Bravais-Inspired Gradient-Domain Machine Learning (BIGDML) approach and demonstrate its ability to construct reliable force fields using a training set with just 10-200 geometries for materials including pristine and defect-containing 2D and 3D semiconductors and metals, as well as chemisorbed and physisorbed atomic and molecular adsorbates on surfaces. The BIGDML model employs the full relevant symmetry group for a given material, does not assume artificial atom types or localization of atomic interactions and exhibits high data efficiency and state-of-the-art energy accuracies (errors substantially below 1 meV per atom) for an extended set of materials. Extensive path-integral molecular dynamics carried out with BIGDML models demonstrate the counterintuitive localization of benzene--graphene dynamics induced by nuclear quantum effects and allow to rationalize the Arrhenius behavior of hydrogen diffusion coefficient in a Pd crystal for a wide range of temperatures.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, development of methodology and application

TÉCNICAS DE VALIDAÇÃO DE DADOS PARA SISTEMAS INTELIGENTES: UMA ABORDAGEM DO SOFTWARE SDBAYES

Nesse artigo é abordado a validação de métricas de Mineração de dados, referentes a um software, denominado SDBayes, que foi desenvolvido em um projeto de pesquisa. O software faz a predição dos discente mais propensos a evadir ou permanecer em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior apresentando probabilidades de permanência e probabilidades de evasão, também utiliza Redes Bayesianas, que são métricas de classificação muito usadas para a área médica, pois simula muito bem o raciocínio humano. No entanto, as classificações feitas pelas Redes bayesianas nem sempre correspondem com a realidade do problema, com isso, foram abordadas, cinco técnicas de validação de dados, para estimar a real capacidade de predição do sistema desenvolvido. Os métodos usados foram: F-measure, K-fold, Hold-out, Leave-one-out e o Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC)

A estrutura fundiária do município de Santa Maria

The authors focus on land ownership distribution of Santa Maria municipality, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under two aspects: possession and dimension. At first instance, the authors observe the number of rural properties considering intervals of 15 years. Activity and property size are analyzed noting primarily the significant increase in the number of properties with less than 100 ha and the causes of land pulverization, while at the same time the authors search for a cause to explain property division in a general way amongst any of the dimensional groups. Secondly, the level of concentration of land ownership is made by using the Gini Coefficient. The high to very high concentration found, lacks significance, considering the analysis of the district's landscape. Consequently it is obvious that considering the physical conditions at the present stage of regional development, the concentration can be much more important than the unestimulating pulverization which is alds a cause of rural exodus.Os autores enfocam a malha fundiária do município de santa Maria, no Rio Grande do Sul, sob dois aspectos: ligados à posse e à dimensão. Em primeiro momemento, estudam o número de propriedades rurais, considerando um intervalo temporal de 15 anos. Analisam, no período, o comportamento das propriedades por gurpos de área, constando principalmente o aumento significativo do seu número no gurpo com menos de 100 ha e as razões da pulverização fundiária, ao mesmo tempo que buscam causas para explicar a partição de propriedades, de forma generalizada em qualquer dos grupos dimensionais. No segundo momento, buscam através do Coeficiente de Gini, estabelecer o nível de concentração da posse da terra. A concentração forte a muito forte constatada, carece de importância, frente à análise das paisagens por distrito. Fica evidente que, considerando as condições físicas, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento regional, pode ser mais desejável a concentração, a uma pulverização desestimulante e geradora de êxodo rural

Os diques latíticos portadores de ouro e sulfetos da Associação Shoshonítica de Lavras do Sul – RS: petrogênese e geoquímica

The Neoproterozoic Lavras do Sul Shoshonitic Association (LSSA) is situated in the southernmost Brazil, and hosts Au-Cu-sulphide mineralizations, that, according to some authors, could be related to porphyry copper-gold deposits. Field, petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data led to the identification and classification of late dikes, which crosscut the hypabissal monzonites, andesites and lamprophyres of LSSA, in three main types: authoclastic composite dikes, latitic dikes, and amphibole-bearing latitic dikes. Their large lithological and textural variation is attributed to magmatic differentiation, mineral segregation, and, magma mingling processes. The dikes show shoshonitic affinity, with K2 O > (Na2 O – 2), contain rela-  tively high amounts of Rb, Ba, and Sr, and low to moderate contents of Nb, Zr, HREE, features that are characteristic of the LSSA. Two main compositional trends were observed: (i) an high-Ti trend, with higher contents of Fe2 O3 t, P2 O5 , HFS, LILE and REE, and lower K2 O / Na2 O ratios( 1.4. The  lower K2 O / Na2 O ratios of high-Ti dikes indicate an evolution of magma sources and processes towards more sodic, silica-saturated alkaline compositions, like is usually described in the post-collisional magmatism. Magmatic crystallization and, the concurrent volatile enrichment, together with Au-S-Cl complexes formation, led to the fluid oversaturation of the magma system and to the second boiling point, which caused the dike vesiculation in the late magmatic stages. The lamprophyre magma is admitted as a possible source of Au and S in the magmatic system. Comingling between the trachyte or latite magmas with the lamprophyre one, can have caused the increase of volatiles and the consequent oxidation of this system, so, promoting the fluid phase separation, the breakdown of complexes, and precipitation of Au-bearing magmatic sulphides, as well as the hydrothermal fluid phase generation.A Associação Shoshonítica de Lavras do Sul (ASLS), situada no extremo sul do Brasil, tem idade neoproterozóica e hospeda ocorrências importantes de Au-Cu-sulfetos, relacionadas por alguns autores a depósitos do tipo Cu-Au pórfiro. Dados de campo, petrográficos, mineralógicos e geoquímicos permitiram identificar e classificar os diques que ocorrem na ASLS cortando os monzonitos hipabissais, andesitos e lamprófiros, em três tipos principais: diques compostos autoclásticos, diques latíticos e diques latíticos com anfibólio. Sua grande variedade litológica e textural é resultado da diferenciação magmática, segregação mineral e processos de mistura de magmas. Os diques mostram afinidade shoshonítica, com teores de K2O > (Na2O –2), acompanhados de conteúdos elevados de Rb, Ba e Sr e baixos a moderados de Nb, Zr e ETRP, assinatura típica da Associação Shoshonítica de Lavras do Sul. Os dados obtidos permitiram identificar dois trends composicionais: um alto-Ti, enriquecido em Fe2O3t, P2O5, HFS, LILE e ETR, com razões K2O/Na2O 1,4. Os diques alto-Ti, com menores razões K2O/Na2O indicam uma evolução das fontes e processos no sentido da produção de magmas alcalinos saturados em sílica mais sódicos, como é comum na evolução do magmatismo pós-colisional. A cristalização dos magmas e o progressivo enriquecimento dos voláteis e de complexos de Au-S-Cl geraram uma supersaturação do sistema, causando o segundo ponto de ebulição e a vesiculação de porções dos diques. Admite-se que o magma lamprofírico pode ser a fonte principal do ouro e enxofre do sistema. A mistura dos magmas latíticos ou traquíticos com os lamprofíricos, pode ser responsável por um aumento do potencial de oxidação e dos voláteis no sistema, desencadeando assim a separação da fase volátil, a desestabilização dos complexos e a precipitação dos sulfetos magmáticos portadores de Au, além da própria formação das soluções hidrotermais

Horta é Saúde: plantar e colher alimentos é o melhor remédio para viver bem

Ao analisar o atual cenário agrícola mundial, é possível perceber a necessidade de pensar e desenvolver um novo paradigma que atenda à produção de alimentos seguros, saudáveis e sustentáveis, seja de uma família, comunidade ou sociedade. Este projeto de extensão universitária teve como objetivo difundir a agroecologia e contribuir para a promoção da segurança e da soberania alimentar através da implantação e condução de uma horta doméstica na Associação Hospital de Caridade Três Passos (AHCTP)/Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para o desenvolvimento desta proposta, diversas atividades foram conduzidas de 2017 até o final do ano de 2019 na AHCTP, com a participação da comunidade acadêmica da Uergs Unidade Três Passos e demais parceiros de trabalho. Foram realizadas atividades como entrevistas, implantação, condução e ampliação da horta, reforma e construção dos canteiros, plantio de hortaliças, entre outras ações que visaram a difusão do aprendizado acadêmico integrado à prática sustentável e à valorização das potencialidades do local, tendo-se como premissa básica em todas as ações, a promoção da sustentabilidade e da segurança alimentar da comunidade hospitalar e a valorização ambiental. Como resultados principais pode-se destacar a produção de alimentos saudáveis e de qualidade, a difusão da agroecologia e a promoção da segurança alimentar, a valorização do meio ambiente, e a integração social na Região Celeiro do RS, além da integração Universidade – sociedade. Sendo assim, conclui-se que o trabalho na horta é uma importante ação de promoção da saúde e do bem viver

Priorities to inform research on marine plastic pollution in Southeast Asia

This is the final version. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. Southeast Asia is considered to have some of the highest levels of marine plastic pollution in the world. It is therefore vitally important to increase our understanding of the impacts and risks of plastic pollution to marine ecosystems and the essential services they provide to support the development of mitigation measures in the region. An interdisciplinary, international network of experts (Australia, Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam) set a research agenda for marine plastic pollution in the region, synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting areas for further research in Southeast Asia. Using an inductive method, 21 research questions emerged under five non-predefined key themes, grouping them according to which: (1) characterise marine plastic pollution in Southeast Asia; (2) explore its movement and fate across the region; (3) describe the biological and chemical modifications marine plastic pollution undergoes; (4) detail its environmental, social, and economic impacts; and, finally, (5) target regional policies and possible solutions. Questions relating to these research priority areas highlight the importance of better understanding the fate of marine plastic pollution, its degradation, and the impacts and risks it can generate across communities and different ecosystem services. Knowledge of these aspects will help support actions which currently suffer from transboundary problems, lack of responsibility, and inaction to tackle the issue from its point source in the region. Being profoundly affected by marine plastic pollution, Southeast Asian countries provide an opportunity to test the effectiveness of innovative and socially inclusive changes in marine plastic governance, as well as both high and low-tech solutions, which can offer insights and actionable models to the rest of the world.Natural Environment Research CouncilNational Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office (Singapore

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended genome-wide association meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3255 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12 488 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a ~0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism that creates two highly differentiated haplotypes and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative including non-Caucasian individuals, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.S.E.H. and C.A.S. partially supported genotyping through a philanthropic donation. A.F. and D.E. were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and COVID-19 grant Research (BMBF; ID:01KI20197); A.F., D.E. and F.D. were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). D.E. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). D.E., K.B. and S.B. acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). T.L.L., A.T. and O.Ö. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. M.W. and H.E. are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, ‘Genes, Environment and Inflammation’. L.V. received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute (RF-2016-02364358), Italian Ministry of Health ‘CV PREVITAL’—strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ‘REVEAL’; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘Ricerca corrente’, Fondazione Sviluppo Ca’ Granda ‘Liver-BIBLE’ (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘5permille’ ‘COVID-19 Biobank’ (RC100017A). A.B. was supported by a grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: ‘Bio-banking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by an MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022’. This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP (The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol) IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). M.M. received research funding from grant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)-Una manera de hacer Europa’). B.C. is supported by national grants PI18/01512. X.F. is supported by the VEIS project (001-P-001647) (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ‘A way to build Europe’). Additional data included in this study were obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. A.J. and S.M. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). A.J. was also supported by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The Basque Biobank, a hospital-related platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government’s Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. M.C. received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). M.R.G., J.A.H., R.G.D. and D.M.M. are supported by the ‘Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100) and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón’s team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’. J.C.H. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. E.S. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no. 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). P.K. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). O.A.C. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—CECAD, EXC 2030–390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. K.U.L. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. F.H. was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to A.R. from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to A.R. P.R. is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). F.T. is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). C.L. and J.H. are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). T.B., M.M.B., O.W. und A.H. are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. M.A.-H. was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. E.C.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).Peer reviewe

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended GWAS meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3,260 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12,483 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a highly pleiotropic ∼0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.Andre Franke and David Ellinghaus were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KI20197), Andre Franke, David Ellinghaus and Frauke Degenhardt were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). David Ellinghaus was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). David Ellinghaus, Karina Banasik and Søren Brunak acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). Tobias L. Lenz, Ana Teles and Onur Özer were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. Mareike Wendorff and Hesham ElAbd are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, "Genes, Environment and Inflammation". This project was supported by a Covid-19 grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; ID: 01KI20197). Luca Valenti received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF2016-02364358, Italian Ministry of Health ""CV PREVITAL – strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ""REVEAL""; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""Ricerca corrente"", Fondazione Sviluppo Ca' Granda ""Liver-BIBLE"" (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""5permille"" ""COVID-19 Biobank"" (RC100017A). Andrea Biondi was supported by the grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: "Biobanking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by a MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022". This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP. IGTP is part of the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIIIMINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). Marta Marquié received research funding from ant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIIISubdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-Una manera de hacer Europa").Beatriz Cortes is supported by national grants PI18/01512. Xavier Farre is supported by VEIS project (001-P-001647) (cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way to build Europe”). Additional data included in this study was obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, EIT COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. Antonio Julià and Sara Marsal were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). Antonio Julià was also supported the by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the FEDER. The Basque Biobank is a hospitalrelated platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government's Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. Mario Cáceres received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). Manuel Romero Gómez, Javier Ampuero Herrojo, Rocío Gallego Durán and Douglas Maya Miles are supported by the “Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100), and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón's team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), "Instituto de Salud Carlos III". Jan Cato Holter reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. Dr. Solligård: reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). Philipp Koehler has received non-financial scientific grants from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).Oliver A. Cornely is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – CECAD, EXC 2030 – 390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Genotyping was performed by the Genotyping laboratory of Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. Kerstin U. Ludwig is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. Frank Hanses was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to Alfredo Ramirez from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to Alfredo Ramirez. Philip Rosenstiel is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). Florian Tran is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). Christoph Lange and Jan Heyckendorf are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). Thorsen Brenner, Marc M Berger, Oliver Witzke und Anke Hinney are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. Marialbert Acosta-Herrera was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Eva C Schulte is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).N