Interaction between two invasive organisms on the European chestnut: does the chestnut blight fungus benefit from the presence of the gall wasp?

The impact of invasive fungal pathogens and pests on trees is often studied individually, thereby omitting possible interactions. In this study the ecological interaction between the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus was investigated. We determined if abandoned galls could be colonized by C. parasitica and thereby act as an entry point and a source of pathogen inoculum. Moreover we assessed the identity and diversity of other gall-colonizing fungal species. A total of 1973 galls were randomly sampled from 200 chestnut trees in eight Swiss stands. In a stand C. parasitica was isolated from 0.4-19.2% of the galls. The incidence of C. parasitica on the galls and the fungal diversity significantly increased with the residence time of D. kuriphilus in a stand. All but one C. parasitica cultures were virulent. The predominant fungus isolated from galls was Gnomoniopsis castanea whose abundance influenced negatively that of C. parasitica. This study shows that D. kuriphilus galls can be colonized by virulent strains of the chestnut blight fungus C. parasitica. This can have effects on the chestnut blight incidence even in chestnut stands where the disease is successfully controlled by hypovirulence. The gall wasp presence influences also the fungal species composition on chestnut tree

Small urban centres as launching sites for plant invasions in natural areas : insights from South Africa

CITATION: McLean, P. et al. 2017. Small urban centres as launching sites for plant invasions in natural areas: insights from South Africa. Biological Invasions, 19(12):3541-3555. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1600-4The original publication is available at https://www.springer.com/journal/10530Alien species are often first introduced to urban areas, so it is unsurprising that towns and cities are often hotspots for invasions. However, while large cities are usually the first sites of introduction, small towns are more numerous and have a greater chance of launching invasions into natural areas as they have proportionally larger interfaces with their surroundings. In this paper we develop a set of scenarios as hypotheses to explore the role of small towns in facilitating within-country dispersal of alien plants. In particular, we developed ten scenarios for how introductions to small towns, agricultural and natural areas can lead to landscape-scale invasions. We tested a part of these scenarios using a case study of a highly invaded region in South Africa (the Berg River catchment in the Western Cape). We specifically investigated the main plant invasion routes between 12 small towns and their surrounding agricultural and natural areas. This was accomplished by conducting urban-specific alien plant surveys in towns, then comparing these results to regional databases of naturalized and/or invasive plants. Many of the alien plants found in urban areas were listed as invasive or naturalized in the catchment (over 30% of the total alien species pool). Despite marked environmental gradients across the study area, we found no relationships between the alien plant species richness in towns and climatic variables or with levels of anthropogenic disturbances. All towns hosted large numbers of invasive plant species and nearly half of the alien species found in towns were naturalized or invasive in surrounding areas. The likelihood of alien plants being naturalized or invasive outside urban areas increased in proportion to their local abundance in towns and if they were tall and woody. Ornamental horticulture was the main reason for introduction of these alien species (69%). Small towns can and do harbour significant populations of plant taxa that are able to spread to surrounding natural areas to launch invasions. Comparing lists of species from urban alien plant surveys with those from naturalisation records for the region is a useful protocol for identifying species which may be moving along the introduction– naturalization–invasion continuum.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-017-1600-4Publisher’s versio

Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings

Rare species are increasingly recognized as crucial, yet vulnerable components of Earth’s ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this review, we provide an ecological overview of the rare microbial biosphere, including causes of rarity and the impacts of rare species on ecosystem functioning. We discuss how rare species can have a preponderant role for local biodiversity and species turnover with rarity potentially bound to phylogenetically conserved features. Rare microbes may therefore be overlooked keystone species regulating the functioning of host-associated, terrestrial and aquatic environments. We conclude this review with recommendations to guide scientists interested in investigating this rapidly emerging research area

Unresolved native range taxonomy complicates inferences in invasion ecology : Acacia dealbata Link as an example

CITATION: Hirsch, H. et al. 2017. Unresolved native range taxonomy complicates inferences in invasion ecology : acacia dealbata Link as an example. Biological Invasions, 19(6):1715-1722. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1381-9The original publication is available at https://www.springer.com/journal/10530Elaborate and expensive endeavours are underway worldwide to understand and manage biological invasions. However, the success of such efforts can be jeopardised due to taxonomic uncertainty. We highlight how unresolved native range taxonomy can complicate inferences in invasion ecology using the invasive tree Acacia dealbata in South Africa as an example. Acacia dealbata is thought to comprise two subspecies based on morphological characteristics and environmental requirements within its native range in Australia: ssp. dealbata and spp. subalpina. Biological control is the most promising option for managing invasive A. dealbata populations in South Africa, but it remains unknown which genetic/taxonomic entities are present in the country. Resolving this question is crucial for selecting appropriate biological control agents and for identifying areas with the highest invasion risk. We used species distribution models (SDMs) and phylogeographic approaches to address this issue. The ability of subspecies-specific and overall species SDMs to predict occurrences in South Africa was also explored. Furthermore, as non-overlapping bioclimatic niches between the two taxonomic entities may translate into evolutionary distinctiveness, we also tested genetic distances between the entities using DNA sequencing data and network analysis. Both approaches were unable to differentiate the two putative subspecies of A. dealbata. However, the SDM approach revealed a potential niche shift in the non-native range, and DNA sequencing results suggested repeated introductions of different native provenances into South Africa. Our findings provide important information for ongoing biological control attempts and highlight the importance of resolving taxonomic uncertainties in invasion ecology.Publisher’s versio

InvasiBES: Understanding and managing the impacts of Invasive alien species on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are amongst the most significant drivers of species extinction and ecosystem degradation, causing negative impacts on ecosystem services and human well-being. InvasiBES, a project funded by BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum for 2019–2021, will use data and models across scales, habitats and species to understand and anticipate the multi-faceted impacts of IAS and to provide tools for their management. Using Alien Species Narratives as reference, we will design future intervention scenarios focused on prevention, control and eradication of IAS in Europe and the United States, through a participatory process bringing together the expertise of scientists and stakeholders. We will also adapt current impact assessment protocols to assess both the detrimental and beneficial impacts of IAS on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This information will then be combined with maps of the potential distribution of Invasive Species of Interest in Europe under current and future climate-change scenarios. Likewise, we will anticipate areas under risk of invasion by range-shifting plants of concern in the US. Finally, focusing on three local-scale studies that cover a range of habitats (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), invasive species (plants and animals) and ecosystem services (supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural), we will use empirical field data to quantify the real-world impacts of IAS on biodiversity and ecosystem services and calculate indicators of ecosystem recovery after the invader is removed. Spatial planning tools (InVEST) will be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of species-specific intervention scenarios at the regional scale. Data, models and maps, developed throughout the project, will serve to build scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are relevant to underpin management of IAS at multiple scales

Plant invasion in Mediterranean Europe: current hotspots and future scenarios

The Mediterranean Basin has historically been subject to alien plant invasions that threaten its unique biodiversity. This seasonally dry and densely populated region is undergoing severe climatic and socioeconomic changes, and it is unclear whether these changes will worsen or mitigate plant invasions. Predictions are often biased, as species may not be in equilibrium in the invaded environment, depending on their invasion stage and ecological characteristics. To address future predictions uncertainty, we identified invasion hotspots across multiple biased modelling scenarios and ecological characteristics of successful invaders. We selected 92 alien plant species widespread in Mediterranean Europe and compiled data on their distribution in the Mediterranean and worldwide. We combined these data with environmental and propagule pressure variables to model global and regional species niches, and map their current and future habitat suitability. We identified invasion hotspots, examined their potential future shifts, and compared the results of different modelling strategies. Finally, we generalised our findings by using linear models to determine the traits and biogeographic features of invaders most likely to benefit from global change. Currently, invasion hotspots are found near ports and coastlines throughout Mediterranean Europe. However, many species occupy only a small portion of the environmental conditions to which they are preadapted, suggesting that their invasion is still an ongoing process. Future conditions will lead to declines in many currently widespread aliens, which will tend to move to higher elevations and latitudes. Our trait models indicate that future climates will generally favour species with conservative ecological strategies that can cope with reduced water availability, such as those with short stature and low specific leaf area. Taken together, our results suggest that in future environments, these conservative aliens will move farther from the introduction areas and upslope, threatening mountain ecosystems that have been spared from invasions so far

Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings

Rare species are increasingly recognized as crucial, yet vulnerable components of Earth’s ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this review, we provide an ecological overview of the rare microbial biosphere, including causes of rarity and the impacts of rare species on ecosystem functioning. We discuss how rare species can have a preponderant role for local biodiversity and species turnover with rarity potentially bound to phylogenetically conserved features. Rare microbes may therefore be overlooked keystone species regulating the functioning of host-associated, terrestrial and aquatic environments. We conclude this review with recommendations to guide scientists interested in investigating this rapidly emerging research area

Comprendre et prédire l'expansion géographique des espèces végétales invasives dans les Alpes

Biological invasions, the second major threat to biodiversity, pose significant challenges to conservation management and eco-evolutionary research. Even though invasion processes have been studied for more than 150 years, our capacity to predict their presence today and in the future is still rudimentary. This deficiency stems mainly from the difficulty involved in reliably assessing the ecological niche of an invader, i.e. those environmental and biotic conditions that allow the species to maintain viable populations. In particular, disentangling the abiotic and biotic components of the ecological niche and accounting for their changing over space and time due to evolutionary dynamics is difficult, albeit crucial for the quality of predictions. The main objective of my PhD has been to address these challenges by improving methodological approaches of niche estimation, advancing our understanding of the role of biotic interactions for invasion processes and studying in greater detail how evolution may affect spatio-temporal niche dynamics. More precisely, (1) with a comprehensive literature review, I started by describing the limits of the different modelling approaches usually applied to predict invasive species distributions. (2) Then, I provided a modelling framework for improving regional environmental niche estimations. (3) Thirdly, I focused on the identification of biotic interactions, and the methods commonly used to identify patterns of symmetric competition in ecological communities. I also implemented a simulation model of community assembly to test the efficiency of these methods. (4) In a fourth part, I studied invaded alpine plant communities and showed that characteristics of the biotic environment in these communities (e.g. symmetric vs. asymmetric competition) were good predictors of invaders' presence. (5) Finally, I provided a first example of a genetic-based, climatic niche expansion of the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in the French Alps by combining information on its environmental niche, genetic structure and functional traits. Taken together, the results of these studies highlight how tightly the different facets of invasion ecology and evolution are interrelated and open the way to an integrated modelling approach that would advance both eco-evolutionary research on invasion dynamics and applied tools for biodiversity protection.Les invasions biologiques, deuxième menace majeure de la biodiversité, pose d'important défis pour la conservation de la biodiversité, et la recherche en éco-évolution. Les espèces invasives ont en effet été étudiées depuis plus de 150 ans, mais nos capacités à prédire leurs présences aujourd'hui et dans le futur reste rudimentaire. Ce problème est principalement dû à la difficulté d'estimer à la fois les composantes biotiques et abiotiques de la niche des espèces invasives, ainsi que leur évolution dans le temps et l'espace. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de travailler sur ces défis en améliorant les méthodes d'estimation de niche, en enrichissant notre compréhension du rôle des interactions biotiques dans le processus d'invasion, et en étudiant en détail comment les processus évolutifs peuvent affecter la dynamique spatio-temporelle des niches. Plus précisément, (1) à l'aide d'une revue de la littérature, j'ai commencé par décrire les limites des différentes approches de modélisation utilisées pour prédire la distribution des espèces invasives. (2) Ensuite, j'ai proposé un cadre de modélisation permettant d'améliorer l'estimation des niches abiotiques régionales. (3) Puis, je me suis intéressée à la caractérisation des interactions biotiques, et aux méthodes communément utilisées pour identifier les patrons de compétition symétrique en écologie des communautés. J'ai également implémenté un modèle de simulation d'assemblage de communautés pour tester la performance de ces méthodes. (4) Ces premières études m'ont permis d'étudier à la fois les composantes biotiques et abiotiques des communautés de plantes envahies dans les Alpes. (5) Finalement, j'ai étudié l'évolution de la niche environnementale chez une espèce invasive des Alpes françaises Ambrosia artemisiifolia L, à travers une approche reliant niche-trait-génétique. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de ces études montrent à quel point les différentes facettes de l'écologie et l'évolution en invasion sont fortement intriquées. De plus, ils soulignent la nécessité d'une modélisation intégrant les processus écologiques et évolutifs pour pouvoir comprendre la dynamique des invasions et proposer des outils de protection de la biodiversité efficaces

Understand and predict the greographical spread of alpine invasive plant species

Les invasions biologiques, deuxième menace majeure de la biodiversité, pose d'important défis pour la conservation de la biodiversité, et la recherche en éco-évolution. Les espèces invasives ont en effet été étudiées depuis plus de 150 ans, mais nos capacités à prédire leurs présences aujourd'hui et dans le futur reste rudimentaire. Ce problème est principalement dû à la difficulté d'estimer à la fois les composantes biotiques et abiotiques de la niche des espèces invasives, ainsi que leur évolution dans le temps et l'espace. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de travailler sur ces défis en améliorant les méthodes d'estimation de niche, en enrichissant notre compréhension du rôle des interactions biotiques dans le processus d'invasion, et en étudiant en détail comment les processus évolutifs peuvent affecter la dynamique spatio-temporelle des niches. Plus précisément, (1) à l'aide d'une revue de la littérature, j'ai commencé par décrire les limites des différentes approches de modélisation utilisées pour prédire la distribution des espèces invasives. (2) Ensuite, j'ai proposé un cadre de modélisation permettant d'améliorer l'estimation des niches abiotiques régionales. (3) Puis, je me suis intéressée à la caractérisation des interactions biotiques, et aux méthodes communément utilisées pour identifier les patrons de compétition symétrique en écologie des communautés. J'ai également implémenté un modèle de simulation d'assemblage de communautés pour tester la performance de ces méthodes. (4) Ces premières études m'ont permis d'étudier à la fois les composantes biotiques et abiotiques des communautés de plantes envahies dans les Alpes. (5) Finalement, j'ai étudié l'évolution de la niche environnementale chez une espèce invasive des Alpes françaises Ambrosia artemisiifolia L, à travers une approche reliant niche-trait-génétique. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de ces études montrent à quel point les différentes facettes de l'écologie et l'évolution en invasion sont fortement intriquées. De plus, ils soulignent la nécessité d'une modélisation intégrant les processus écologiques et évolutifs pour pouvoir comprendre la dynamique des invasions et proposer des outils de protection de la biodiversité efficaces.Biological invasions, the second major threat to biodiversity, pose significant challenges to conservation management and eco-evolutionary research. Even though invasion processes have been studied for more than 150 years, our capacity to predict their presence today and in the future is still rudimentary. This deficiency stems mainly from the difficulty involved in reliably assessing the ecological niche of an invader, i.e. those environmental and biotic conditions that allow the species to maintain viable populations. In particular, disentangling the abiotic and biotic components of the ecological niche and accounting for their changing over space and time due to evolutionary dynamics is difficult, albeit crucial for the quality of predictions. The main objective of my PhD has been to address these challenges by improving methodological approaches of niche estimation, advancing our understanding of the role of biotic interactions for invasion processes and studying in greater detail how evolution may affect spatio-temporal niche dynamics. More precisely, (1) with a comprehensive literature review, I started by describing the limits of the different modelling approaches usually applied to predict invasive species distributions. (2) Then, I provided a modelling framework for improving regional environmental niche estimations. (3) Thirdly, I focused on the identification of biotic interactions, and the methods commonly used to identify patterns of symmetric competition in ecological communities. I also implemented a simulation model of community assembly to test the efficiency of these methods. (4) In a fourth part, I studied invaded alpine plant communities and showed that characteristics of the biotic environment in these communities (e.g. symmetric vs. asymmetric competition) were good predictors of invaders' presence. (5) Finally, I provided a first example of a genetic-based, climatic niche expansion of the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in the French Alps by combining information on its environmental niche, genetic structure and functional traits. Taken together, the results of these studies highlight how tightly the different facets of invasion ecology and evolution are interrelated and open the way to an integrated modelling approach that would advance both eco-evolutionary research on invasion dynamics and applied tools for biodiversity protection

VirtualCom: a simulation model for eco-evolutionary community assembly and invasion

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