Incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el Derecho Agrario

En el trabajo desarrollaremos una experiencia educativa concreta con la que trabajamos en la asignatura Derecho Agrario en vinculación con el Centro de Atención Jurídica Gratuita para Productores Agropecuarios Familiares. La misma aproxima situaciones concretas de la atención jurídica al aula y genera un acercamiento entre les estudiantes y la realidad del territorio periurbano y rural. Los estudios sobre mujeres y géneros en general, y en particular los vinculados con las mujeres rurales vinculadas a la actividad agropecuaria, han aumentado en los últimos años, por lo que entendemos que es de gran importancia sumar estos contenidos a la currícula de la asignatura como parte estratégica en la construcción de saberes. Por este motivo, en cada cuatrimestre realizamos una actividad dirigida a presentar la perspectiva de género en los diversos temas troncales de la asignatura como políticas agrarias, propiedad agraria, contratos agrarios y trabajo agrario. Sumado a ello hacemos hincapié en el rol de las mujeres rurales que en todo el mundo han realizado aportes esenciales en la organización de los movimientos campesinos, de la agricultura familiar y los vinculados a la soberanía alimentaria, tomando como referencia la importancia que le otorga a la mujer la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) en la producción de alimentos y en el desarrollo sostenible.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Diseño de una maqueta para medidas de la atenuación del ruido de tráfico rodado mediante pantallas acústicas

Hoy en día es muy importante saber cómo diseñar una pantalla de ruido de carreteras que se adapte a su entorno y tenga las funciones acústicas y estructurales previstas. En este trabajo se diseña un sistema experimental para realizar medidas de la atenuación del ruido de tráfico rodado. Una maqueta realizada en madera de ocumen nos pemite cambiar la sección transversal de la coronación de la pantalla. Para estudiar la validez del diseño se ha medido a diferentes alturas, con diferentes secciones y a distinas frecuencias en el rango entre 63 y 5000 H

Impact of a long-term tobacco-free policy at a comprehensive cancer center: a series of cross-sectional surveys

Spain has passed two smoke-free laws in the last years. In 2005, the law banned smoking in indoor places, and in 2010 the ban was extended to outdoor areas of certain premises such as hospitals. This study assesses the impact of smoking consumption among hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center after the passage of two national smoke-free laws. Six cross-sectional surveys were conducted among a representative sample of hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center in Barcelona (20012012) using a standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare differences in the odds of smoking after the laws took effect (baseline vs. 1st law; 2nd law vs. 1st law). Baseline smoking prevalence was 33.1%. After passage of the 1st and 2nd laws, prevalence decreased, respectively, to 30.5% and 22.2% (p for trend =0.005). Prevalence ratios (PR) indicated a significant decrease in overall smoking after the 2nd law (PR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47-0-89). Smoking dropped in all professional groups, more prominently among those ≥35 years old, doctors, and women. Observed trends over the time included an increase in occasional smokers, a rise in abstinence during working hours but an increase in smoking dependence, and an increase in the employees' overall support for the smoke-free hospital project. A long-term tobacco control project combined with two smoke-free national laws reduced smoking rates among health workers and increased their support for tobacco control policies. The decrease was more significant after the passage of the outdoor smoke-free ban

Participation of women in political and social organizations:the case of family farm women from the peri-urban area of Gran La Plata

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar el abordaje de las relaciones de género que se dan dentro y a partir de las organizaciones de la agricultura familiar en el periurbano del gran La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El periurbano platense es actualmente una de las regiones especializadas en horticultura intensiva más importantes del país. Una gran parte de la producción es realizada en pequeñas explotaciones (denominadas “quintas”) por agricultores y agricultoras familiares. La mayoría son migrantes de origen boliviano quienes se instalan en la región desde los años ’90 en adelante y acceden a la tierra a través del arrendamiento o la mediería.Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo en el sector son sumamente precarias. Esto se manifiesta en una gran informalidad en términos legales, laborales, sanitarios y comerciales. La horticultura es una actividad altamente demandante de mano de obra y al encontrarse poco o mal remunerada genera una fuerte explotación de la fuerza de trabajo propia y de la que eventualmente es contratada.En este contexto de pobreza y precariedad la presión de la estructura de familia patriarcal y de la división sexual del trabajo agrava la situación de las mujeres. Son ellas quienes además de trabajar a la par de los hombres en las quintas llevan adelante todas las tareas de reproducción y de cuidado en el hogar. Es frecuente la dependencia económica de las mujeres en relación a los maridos y los casos de violencia doméstica. En los últimos años han surgido diversas organizaciones con el objetivo de mejorar tanto las condiciones de realización de la actividad agraria (producción y comercialización) como también las condiciones de vida y de trabajo en la horticultura mediante la exigencia del cumplimiento de sus derechos. En este marco la mayoría de ellas ha generado espacios donde discutir y elaborar política para abordar las relaciones de género y el lugar de las mujeres.En este trabajo realizamos un análisis de la forma en que son abordadas las relaciones de género en el marco de dos organizaciones representativas de la región (el Movimiento de Trabajadores Excluidos - MTE - y la Unión de Trabajadores de la Tierra - UTT -) por su cantidad de afiliados/as y su despliegue territorial. Analizaremos a través de entrevistas las estrategias desplegadas para abordar las desigualdades de géneroIn this paper we propose to analyse the approach of gender relations that occur within and from family farming organizations in the peri-urban area of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.La Plata´s periurban is currently one of the region specialized in intensive horticulture most important in the country. A large part of the production is carried out on small farms (called "quintas") by farmers and family farmers. Most of them are migrants from Bolivia who have been settled in the region in the 90s and onwards. They access to the land through contracts of rural leasing or “Medieria”, a legal form of an associative contract between the one who has legal access to the land the one who carried out the work and make some investment in the crop. The Living and working conditions in the sector are extremely vulnerable. This manifests itself in great informality in legal, labour, health and commercial terms. Horticulture is a highly labour-intensive activity and when it finds little or poorly paid it generates a strong exploitation of its own labour force and is eventually hired labour force. In this context of poverty and precariousness, the pressure of the structure of the patriarchal family and the sexual division of labour aggravates the situation of women. It is women who, in addition to working alongside men in the farms, carry out all the domestic labour and care in the home. The economic dependence of women in relation to husbands and cases of domestic violence is frequent. In recent years, several organizations have emerged with the objective of improving both the conditions of realization of an agricultural activity (production and migration) as well as the living and working conditions in horticulture through the requirement of the fulfilment of their rights. In this context, most of them have generated spaces to debate and develop strategies to address gender relations and the place of women. In this work we analyse the way in which gender relations are approached within the framework of two representative organizations of the region (Movimiento de Trabajadores Excluidos, The Excluded Workers Movement - MTE - and the Union de Trabajadores de la Tierra - Union of Land Workers - UTT -) by their number of affiliates and their territorial deployment. We will analyse through interviews the strategies deployed to address gender inequalities.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs dendritic cell response by altering CD1b, DC-SIGN and MR profile

During a chronic infection such as tuberculosis, the pool of tissue dendritic cells (DC) must be renewed by recruitment of both circulating DC progenitors and monocytes (Mo). However, the microenvironment of the inflammatory site affects Mo differentiation. As DC are critical for initiating a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-cell response, we argue that interference of M. tuberculosis with a correct DC generation would signify a mechanism of immune evasion. In this study, we showed thatearly interaction of c-irradiated M. tuberculosis with Mo subverts DC differentiation in vitro. We found that irradiated M. tuberculosis effect involves (1) the loss of a significant fraction of monocyte population and (2) an altered differentiation process of the surviving monocyte subpopulation. Moreover, in the absence of irradiated M. tuberculosis, DC consist in a major DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin receptor (DC-SIGNhigh)/CD86low and minor DCSIGNlow/CD86high subpopulations, whereas in the presence of bacteria, there is an enrichment of DC-SIGNlow/CD86high population. Besides, this population enlarged by irradiated M. tuberculosis, which is characterized by a reduced CD1b expression, correlates with a reduced induction of specific T-lymphocyte proliferation. The loss of CD1molecules partially involves toll-like receptors (TLR-2)/p38 MAPK activation. Finally, several features of Mo, which have been differentiated into DC in the presence of irradiated M. tuberculosis, resemble the features of DC obtained from patients with active tuberculosis. In conclusion, we suggest that M. tuberculosis escapes from acquired immune response in tuberculosis may be caused by an altered differentiation into DC leading to a poor M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell response.Fil: Balboa, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Romero, María Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Yokobori, Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Schierloh, Pablo. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas "Mariano R. Castex"; ArgentinaFil: Geffner, Laura Judith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Basile, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Musella, Rosa María. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Abbate, Eduardo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: de la Barrera, Silvia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sasiain, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Alemán, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

CRISPR activation enables high-fidelity reprogramming into human pluripotent stem cells

Conventional reprogramming methods rely on the ectopic expression of transcription factors to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The forced expression of transcription factors may lead to off-target gene activation and heterogeneous reprogramming, resulting in the emergence of alternative cell types and aberrant iPSCs. Activation of endogenous pluripotency factors by CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) can reduce this heterogeneity. Here, we describe a high-efficiency reprogramming of human somatic cells into iPSCs using optimized CRISPRa. Efficient reprogramming was dependent on the additional targeting of the embryo genome activation-enriched Alu-motif and the miR-302/367 locus. Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that the optimized CRISPRa reprogrammed cells more directly and specifically into the pluripotent state when compared to the conventional reprogramming method. These findings support the use of CRISPRa for high-quality pluripotent reprogramming of human cells.Peer reviewe

Factors associated with implementation of the 5A's smoking cessation model

Background: several health organizations have adopted the 5A's brief intervention model (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange), based on evidence-based guidelines for smoking cessation. We examine individual, cognitive, behavioral, and organizational factors associated with the 5A's performance among clinical healthcare workers in Catalonia. We also investigate how these factors interact and potentially predict the implementation of each component of the 5A's. Methods: a cross-sectional survey was conducted among clinical health workers enrolled in an online smoking cessation training course (n = 580). The survey included questions about individual characteristics as well as cognitive, behavioral, and organizational factors previously identified in research. We assessed self-reported performance of the 5A's, assessed on a scale from 0 to 10, and used Multivariate regression to examine factors associated with its performance. Results: the performance means (standard deviation) were moderate for the first 3A's [Ask: 6.4 (3.1); Advise: 7.1 (2.7); Assess: 6.3 (2.8)] and low for the last 2A's [Assist: 4.4 (2.9); Arrange: 3.2 (3.3)]. We observed a high correlation between Assist and Arrange (r = 0.704, p < 0.001). Having positive experiences and feeling competent were positively associated with performing the 5A's model and having organizational support with Assist and Arrange. Personal tobacco use among healthcare workers was negatively associated with Advice and Arrange. Conclusions: our study found that clinical healthcare workers do not perform the 5A's completely. The main barriers identified suggest the need of training and making available practical guidelines in healthcare services. Organizational support is essential for moving towards the implementation of Assist and Arrange

p73 is required for appropriate BMP-induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during somatic cell reprogramming

The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by somatic cell reprogramming holds great potential for modeling human diseases. However, the reprogramming process remains very inefficient and a better understanding of its basic biology is required. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) has been recognized as a crucial step for the successful reprogramming of fibroblasts into iPSCs. It has been reported that the p53 tumor suppressor gene acts as a barrier of this process, while its homolog p63 acts as an enabling factor. In this regard, the information concerning the role of the third homolog, p73, during cell reprogramming is limited. Here, we derive total Trp73 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with or without Trp53, and examine their reprogramming capacity. We show that p73 is required for effective reprogramming by the Yamanaka factors, even in the absence of p53. Lack of p73 affects the early stages of reprogramming, impairing the MET and resulting in altered maturation and stabilization phases. Accordingly, the obtained p73-deficient iPSCs have a defective epithelial phenotype and alterations in the expression of pluripotency markers. We demonstrate that p73 deficiency impairs the MET, at least in part, by hindering BMP pathway activation. We report that p73 is a positive modulator of the BMP circuit, enhancing its activation by DNp73 repression of the Smad6 promoter. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the MET process, proposing p73 as an enhancer of MET during cellular reprogramming.Peer reviewe

p73 is required for appropriate BMP-induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during somatic cell reprogramming

[EN] The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by somatic cell reprogramming holds great potential for modeling human diseases. However, the reprogramming process remains very inefficient and a better understanding of its basic biology is required. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) has been recognized as a crucial step for the successful reprogramming of fibroblasts into iPSCs. It has been reported that the p53 tumor suppressor gene acts as a barrier of this process, while its homolog p63 acts as an enabling factor. In this regard, the information concerning the role of the third homolog, p73, during cell reprogramming is limited. Here, we derive total Trp73 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with or without Trp53, and examine their reprogramming capacity. We show that p73 is required for effective reprogramming by the Yamanaka factors, even in the absence of p53. Lack of p73 affects the early stages of reprogramming, impairing the MET and resulting in altered maturation and stabilization phases. Accordingly, the obtained p73-deficient iPSCs have a defective epithelial phenotype and alterations in the expression of pluripotency markers. We demonstrate that p73 deficiency impairs the MET, at least in part, by hindering BMP pathway activation. We report that p73 is a positive modulator of the BMP circuit, enhancing its activation by DNp73 repression of the Smad6 promoter. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the MET process, proposing p73 as an enhancer of MET during cellular reprogramming.S

Enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes trasplantados renales: validez del cuestionario de Edimburgo para el diagnóstico de enfermedad

[Resumen] Objetivos: Determinar en pacientes trasplantados renales la prevalencia de enfermedad arterial periférica y la validez de las manifestaciones clínicas de claudicación intermitente para su diagnóstico. Material y métodos: Ámbito y período: Servicio de Nefrología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, 2013-2017. Criterios inclusión: pacientes trasplantados renales con injerto funcionante que consientan participar en el estudio. Justificación del tamaño muestral: n=371 pacientes (seguridad= 95% y precisión= ± 4,25%). Mediciones: edad, edad al trasplante, sexo, dislipemia, índice de masa corporal, tabaquismo, diabetes, signo de Godet, edema perimaleolar, índice tobillo-brazo y cuestionario Edimburgo. El riesgo cardiovascular se midió mediante los scores Framingham-Wilson, Regicor, SCORE y Dorica. Resultados: La edad media al trasplante fue de 47,86 ± 12,62 años, 65,5% hombres. El 8,7% de los pacientes presentan un índice tobillo-brazo <0,90. El 16,2% de los pacientes manifiestan claudicación intermitente según el cuestionario Edimburgo. La concordancia entre ambas pruebas diagnósticas es débil (índice de Kappa=0,34). El cuestionario de Edimburgo mostró sensibilidad del 59,38% para predecir índice tobillo-brazo <0,90 y especificidad del 88,10%. Las variables asociadas a la presencia de arteriopatía son la edad al trasplante (OR=1,07) y el tabaquismo (OR=6,17), encontrándose la dislipemia en el límite de la significación estadística. Conclusiones: Una décima parte de los pacientes presentan arteriopatía periférica. La concordancia entre el cuestionario Edimburgo y el índice tobillo-brazo es débil. Por lo que debería usarse el índice tobillo-brazo como método diagnóstico. Las manifestaciones clínicas infraestiman la prevalencia de arteriopatía. La edad, el tabaquismo y la dislipemia incrementan su riesgo. Los pacientes con arteriopatía presentan riesgo cardiovascular más elevado.[Abstract] Objectives: To assess the prevalence of peripheral artery disease in kidney transplant patients and the validity of intermittent claudication for its diagnosis. Methods: Setting and period: Nephrology Department of the University Hospital A. Coruña, 2013-2017. Inclusion criteria: transplant patients with functioning grafts who gave their consent to participate in the study. Sample size rationale: n=371 patients (confidence interval= 95%; precision= ± 4.25%). Measurements: age, age at the time of transplant, sex, dyslipemia, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, sign of Godet, perimalleolar edema, ankle-brachial index and the Edinburgh Questionnaire. Cardiovascular risk was measured with these scores: Framingham-Wilson, Regicore, SCORE and Dorica. Results: The mean age at the time of transplant was 47.86±12.62; 65.5% of patients were men and 8.7% of them had an ankle-brachial index of <0.90. When answering the Edinburgh Questionnaire, 16.2% of subjects reported suffering from intermittent claudication. Concordance between these two diagnostic tests is poor (kappa index= 0.34). The Edinburgh Questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 59.38% in predicting the ankle-brachial index (<0.90) and specificity (88.10%). The variables associated with the presence of artery disease are age at the time of transplant (OR=1.07) and smoking (OR=6.17), dyslipidemia being at the limit of statistical significance. Conclusions: A tenth part of the patients have peripheral artery disease. Concordance between the Edinburgh Questionnaire and the ankle-brachial index is poor; therefore, the latter should be used as diagnostic method. Clinical signs and symptoms underestimate the prevalence of artery disease. Age, smoking and dyslipidemia increase the risk of this disease. Artery disease patients have a higher cardiovascular risk