Criterios de Implementación ISO 14001:2015 Caso de Estudio Sector: Ensayos y Análisis Técnicos

En el desarrollo del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental de VERITEST SAS, dando cumplimiento a la norma ISO 14001:2015, se evidencia la gestión de la organización para identificar y controlar los aspectos e impactos ambientales asociados en la ejecución de sus actividades, siendo consiente de este compromiso, se determinan cuestiones externas e internas de la organización que son pertinentes para su propósito y su dirección estratégica, consideradas desde la planificación. Los riesgos y oportunidades que pueden incluir sobre los resultados u objetivos establecidos, son identificados y abordados de acuerdo a la metodología establecida. Luego de la Revisión Ambiental Inicial, se logra identificar el marco legal aplicable, valorar los aspectos e impactos ambientales y con base en ello, se garantizar la intervención y medidas de control propuestas en los programas, elaborados por la terna de la UNAD. En aras de lo anterior, el presente documento describe las conclusiones y recomendaciones pertinentes que pueden controlar, reducir, mitigar o eliminar los efectos adversos ocasionados al medio ambiente y dar cumplimiento a la política del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental.In the development of the VERITEST Environmental Management System SAS, complying with the ISO 14001: 2015 standard, it is evidenced the organization's management to identify and control environmental aspects and impacts associated with the execution of its activities, being aware of this commitment, are determined external and internal issues of the organization that are relevant to your purpose and your strategic direction, considered from planning. The risks and opportunities which can include on the results or objectives established, are identified and addressed according to the methodology established. After the Initial Environmental Review, it is achieved identify the applicable legal framework, assess the aspects and impacts and based on this, the intervention and control measures proposed in the programs, prepared by the shortlist of the UNAD. For the sake of the foregoing, this document describe the relevant conclusions and recommendations that can control, reduce, mitigate or eliminate adverse effects caused to the environment and comply with the policy of the Environmental Management System

Molecular characterization of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Colombian rainforest

A few studies have carried out the taxonomic and molecular characterization of sylvatic mosquito species in Latin America, where some species have been incriminated as vectors for arboviruses and parasites transmission. The present study reports the molecular characterization of mosquito species in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a natural ecosystem in the Northern coast of Colombia. Manual capture methods were used to collect mosquitoes, and the specimens were identified via classical taxonomy. The COI marker was used for species confirmation, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method, with the Kimura-2-Parameters model. Aedes serratus , Psorophora ferox , Johnbelkinia ulopus , Sabethes chloropterus , Sabethes cyaneus , Wyeomyia aporonoma , Wyeomyia pseudopecten , Wyeomyia ulocoma and Wyeomyia luteoventralis were identified. We assessed the genetic variability of mosquitoes in this area and phylogenetic reconstructions allowed the identification at the species level. Classical and molecular taxonomy demonstrated to be useful and complementary when morphological characteristics are not well preserved, or the taxonomic group is not represented in public molecular databases

Diseño de un curso corto para prevenir la depresión

Curso de Especial InterésEl diseño de un curso corto para prevenir la depresión consta de ocho módulos en los cuales se abordarán las siguientes temáticas: depresión y sus características, derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la comunidad LGBTI, vulneración de derechos en la comunidad LGBTI, factores de riesgo y factores de protección, prevención de la autolesión y el suicidio, signos de alarma de la depresión, prevención de la depresión y rutas de emergencia.Resumen 1. Justificación 2. Objetivos 3. Método 4. Estudio del Mercado 5. Resultados 6. Conclusiones Referencias ApéndicesPregradoPsicólog

Genetic variability in coding regions of the surface antigen and reverse transcriptase domain of hepatitis B virus polymerase, Colombia, 2002-2014

Introduction: Despite the availability of an effective vaccine and treatment to reduce the viral load and progressive hepatocellular injury, approximately 240 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In Colombia, the circulation of different viral genotypes has been confirmed. Mutations in the genome have been associated to antiviral therapy resistance, viral escape to neutralizing antibodies, occult infection and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To identify the genotypes and the presence of mutations in the coding region of the surface (S) antigen and the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of the polymerase of HBV obtained from serum samples for hepatitis B diagnosis received by the Instituto Nacional de Salud during the period 2002-2014. Materials and methods: A total of 495 serum samples with previous HBsAg reactive result were used for molecular detection. A fragment of 1,591 nucleotides was sequenced, and the corresponding phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results: We detected the viral genome of HBV in 66 samples and 28 were successfully sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of subgenotypes F3 and A2. The L180M and M204V resistance mutations were simultaneously identified in one sample, while the I169L resistance mutation was identified in another one. A single escape mutation, P120Q, was identified in one more. Two samples showed a deletion of 105 nucleotides in the preS1-preS2 region. Conclusions: The circulation of genotypes/subgenotypes F3 and A2 of HBV in Colombia was corroborated, as well as the presence of some resistance and escape mutations. The present study constitutes a contribution to the molecular epidemiology of HBV in Colombia

Identificación de sujetos a riesgo de deficiencia de hierromediante el Indicé Receptor Soluble de Transferrina-Log Ferritina sérica en hombres afrodescendientes residentes en San Basilio de Palenque y Cartagena de Indias, DTyC., Bolívar, Colombia.

En el ámbito mundial, sin distingo de raza, edad, género ni procedencia geográfica, la anemia de mayor prevalencia es la anemia ferropénica. De la misma forma, son insuficientes los reportes nacionales e internacionales sobre la prevalencia de los estados subclínicos de hierro, especialmente en comunidad afrodescendiente. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar una población masculina afrodescendiente de 73 hombres sanos con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 30 años mediante el comportamiento del índice (sTfR- Log F.S.), residentes en San Basilio de Palenque y en Cartagena de Indias DTyC. Se determinaron los índices primarios eritroides: hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Hto), estudio de sangre periférica (E.S.P.); el receptor soluble de transferrina (sTfR), la ferritina sérica (F.S.) y el índice receptor soluble de transferrina – Logaritmo de la ferritina sérica (sTfR-Log F.S.) El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software de SPSS versión 17,0.   En la población de San Basilio de Palenque el hallazgo hematológico por el algoritmo de mayor frecuencia se asoció a la enfermedad crónica acompañada de deficiencia de hierro en el 41.6%, seguido de deficiencia subclínica de hierro estadio II con un 33.3%. En Cartagena el hallazgo de mayor frecuencia fue la enfermedad crónica con deficiencia de hierro en 49%, seguido de deficiencia subclínica de hierro estadio II 20.41%. Las dos poblaciones evidenciaron un comportamiento hematológico similar en las diferentes variables, constituyéndose estos resultados en pioneros para futuras investigaciones de los estadios subclínicos que anteceden la deficiencia de hierro en afrodescendientes colombianos

Análisis filogenético del virus del chikungunya en Colombia: evidencia de selección purificadora en el gen E1

Introduction: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus that belongs to the Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Its genome is 11.8 kb in length, and three genotypes have been identified worldwide: Asian, East/Central/South African (ECSA) and West African. Chikungunya fever is an acute febrile disease transmitted by Aedes spp. that usually presents with polyarthralgia and cutaneous eruption. Following introduction of the virus to the Americas in 2013, the first cases in Colombia occurred in September of 2014, and they reached a cumulative total of 399,932 cases by June of 2015. Objective: To identify the genotype or genotypes responsible for the current epidemic in Colombia and to describe the genetic variability of the virus in the country. Materials and methods: Serum samples from patients presenting with symptoms compatible with Chikungunya fever during 2014-2015 were selected for the study. RT-PCR products of the E1 gene from these samples were used for sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic and adaptive evolution analyses. Results: The study identified only the presence of the Asian genotype in Colombia. Comparing the Colombian sequences with other sequences from the Americas revealed an average of 0.001 base substitutions per site, with 99.7% and 99.9% nucleotide identity and 99.9% amino acid identity. The adaptive evolution analysis indicated that the E1 gene is under strong purifying selection. Conclusions: The first epidemic of Chikunguya fever in Colombia was caused by the circulation of the virus Asian genotype. Further genotypic surveillance of the virus in Colombia is required to detect possible changes in its epidemiology, fitness and pathogenicity.Introducción. El virus del chikungunya, perteneciente al género Alphavirus de la familia Togaviridae, es un virus ARN de 11,8 kb, de cadena sencilla y polaridad positiva, transmitido por Aedes spp. Se han identificado tres genotipos a nivel mundial: el de Asia, el del este-centro-sur de África (East/Central/South African, ECSA) y el de África occidental (West African, WA). La fiebre del chikungunya es una enfermedad febril aguda, acompañada principalmente de inflamación en las articulaciones y erupción cutánea. Después de su aparición en las Américas en el 2013, los primeros casos en Colombia ocurrieron en septiembre de 2014 y hasta junio del 2015 se habían notificado 399.932 casos.Objetivo. Identificar el genotipo o los genotipos responsables de la primera epidemia por el virus del chikungunya en Colombia y la variabilidad genética asociada a su dispersión en el territorio nacional.Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron muestras de suero de pacientes con síntomas indicativos de fiebre del chikungunya durante 2014 y 2015. Se hizo una transcripción inversa seguida de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa del gen E1, así como su secuenciación, análisis filogenético y análisis de evolución adaptativa.Resultados. Se demostró la presencia exclusiva del genotipo de Asia en Colombia. Se registró un promedio de 0,001 sustituciones de bases por sitio, una identidad de 99,7 a 99,9 % en los nucleótidos y de 99,9 % en los aminoácidos entre las secuencias colombianas y las secuencias de las Américas. Los análisis de evolución adaptativa indicaron una fuerte selección purificadora en el gen E1.Conclusiones. Se determinó la circulación del genotipo de Asia del virus del chikungunya como la causa de la primera epidemia en Colombia. Es necesario continuar con la vigilancia de genotipos, con el fin de detectar posibles cambios en la epidemiología, la eficacia (fitness) viral y la patogenia del virus

Nuclei ultrastructural changes of C6/36 cells infected with virus dengue type 2

Introduction: Dengue virus replication has been considered mainly cytoplasmic, however, studies indicate that some flaviviruses may use the intranuclear pathway as part of the machinery that the virus uses to increase infection capacity in the host cell. This paper describes alterations at nuclear level in the cell infected with dengue, which are likely involved in the virus replication processes. Objective: This paper addresses the ultrastructural observations of C6/36 cells of the Aedes albopictus mosquito infected with dengue virus type 2. Materials and methods: C6/36 cells were infected in culture medium with the serum of a patient positively diagnosed for dengue 2. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for 10 days and the cytopathic effect was assessed. The cells were processed for immunofluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy. Results: The immunofluorescence assays confirmed the presence of viral protein E associated with cellular syncytia in the culture. In the ultrastructural study, the infected cells showed vesicular-tubular structures and dilated cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cytoplasmic level. Viral particles were found exclusively in cytoplasm localized within the vacuoles. Nuclei of cellular syncytia showed membrane structures arranged in a circular shape and, in some cases, these syncytia displayed lysis; in no case viral particles were observed at the nuclear level. Conclusions: The ultrastructural alterations of nuclei in cells infected with the dengue virus using electron microscopy techniques had not been reported before, as far as we know. It is likely that such modifications are associated with replicative processes at an intranuclear level as an alternate replication mechanism

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Possibly Associated with Emerging Zoonotic Vaccinia Virus in a Farming Community, Colombia

In 2014, vaccinia virus (VACV) infections were identified among farmworkers in Caquetá Department, Colombia; additional cases were identified in Cundinamarca Department in 2015. VACV, an orthopoxvirus (OPXV) used in the smallpox vaccine, has caused sporadic bovine and human outbreaks in countries such as Brazil and India. In response to the emergence of this disease in Colombia, we surveyed and collected blood from 134 farmworkers and household members from 56 farms in Cundinamarca Department. We tested serum samples for OPXV antibodies and correlated risk factors with seropositivity by using multivariate analyses. Fifty-two percent of farmworkers had OPXV antibodies; this percentage decreased to 31% when we excluded persons who would have been eligible for smallpox vaccination. The major risk factors for seropositivity were municipality, age, smallpox vaccination scar, duration of time working on a farm, and animals having vaccinia-like lesions. This investigation provides evidence for possible emergence of VACV as a zoonosis in South America.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000318507https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=cU2KyT4AAAAJ&hl=enhttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000008981https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-054

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de jóvenes sordos escolarizados del instituto técnico Guaimaral de Cúcuta frente al VIH – sida en el segundo semestre de 2015 (Archivo Electrónico)

PregradoEnfermero(a

Análisis de determinantes genéticos de virulencia en cepas del virus dengue tipo 2

El virus dengue (DENV) es el agente etiológico del dengue, una de las enfermedades más importantes transmitidas por vector y es según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Anualmente DENV afecta 50 - 200 millones de personas en el mundo y en Colombia se estima que casi 24 millones son susceptibles a la infección con el virus. Durante el periodo 2013 – 2015 se notificaron 669,631 casos de dengue en el país. Clínicamente, la enfermedad se clasifica como dengue (con y sin signos de alarma) y dengue grave el cual puede ser fatal. Aunque el principal factor asociado a la severidad es la ocurrencia de infecciones secundarias por serotipos heterólogos llevando a una potenciación mediada por anticuerpos, un número creciente de estudios sugiere la existencia de determinantes genéticos de virulencia en diferentes regiones del genoma viral y asociados a la severidad de la enfermedad. El objetivo fue identificar potenciales determinantes genéticos de virulencia asociados en cambios fenotípicos in vitro en cepas de DENV-2 y en el desarrollo de los diferentes cuadros clínicos de la enfermedad. La estrategia metodológica desarrollada en esta investigación incluyó selección de muestras de suero serotipificadas como DENV-2 y de pacientes con dengue y dengue grave. Posteriormente, se realizó aislamiento viral, amplificación y secuenciación del gen de la envoltura y de la región 5’ UTR. Por medio de alineamiento de secuencias y análisis filogenético se determinó el genotipo viral y las relaciones evolutivas entre cepas. Se identificaron estructuras secundarias conservadas de ARN mediante el análisis in silico. Finalmente fueron observadas infecciones in vitro por medio de curvas de crecimiento a diferentes tiempos post-infección y tituladas mediante ensayos de placa. Todas las cepas analizadas pertenecen al genotipo Asiático/Americano y se ubicaron en dos linajes genéticos. Las mismas estructuras secundarias conservadas estuvieron presentes en todas las cepas. En las regiones genómicas analizadas no se identificaron potenciales determinantes genéticos de virulencia y la caracterización in vitro no revela que existan diferencias significativas entre las cepas asociadas a los diferentes cuadros clínicos. Se concluye que no es posible establecer ninguna asociación entre determinantes genéticos de virulencia con las características in vitro de las cepas, ni con los distintos cuadros clínicos de la enfermedad, aunque se identifican posibles estructuras secundarias con algún tipo de funcionalidad potencial no conocido hasta el momento.Abstract. The Dengue Virus (DENV) is the Etiologic Agent of dengue, one of the most important vector-borne diseases, according to the World Health Organization (OMS). Annually the virus affects around 50-200 million people in the world and in Colombia it is estimated that nearly 24 million are susceptible to infection with the virus. During the period 2013 - 2015 669,631 cases of dengue fever were reported in the country. Clinically, the disease can be classified as dengue (with and without warning signs) and severe dengue which can be fatal. Although the main factor associated with the severity is the occurrence of secondary infections by heterologous serotypes leading to antibody-mediated enhancement (ADE), a growing number of studies suggest the existence of genetic determinants of virulence in different regions of the viral genome of DENV, possibly associated with the development of different clinical presentation. The objective of the research was to identify potential determinants of genetic virulence associated with phenotypic changes in vitro in strains of DENV-2 and the development of different clinical presentation of the disease. The methodological strategy developed in this research includes selection of serum samples serotyped as DENV-2 and patients with dengue and severe dengue. Subsequently, viral isolation, amplification and sequencing of the 5'UTR and envelope gene was performed. Through sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis on viral genotype and the evolutionary relationships among strains it was determined. Conserved RNA secondary structures using in silico analysis identified. We were finally observed in vitro infections through growth curves at different times post-infection and titrated by plaque assays. All the strains tested belong to the Asian/American genotype and were placed into two genetic lineages. The same conserved secondary structures were present in all strains. In the genomic regions analyzed potential genetic determinants of virulence were not identified and in vitro characterization does not reveal any significant differences between strains associated with different clinical presentations. In conclusion, is not possible to establish any association between genetic determinants of virulence with the phenotypic characteristics of the strains, with different clinical presentations of the disease, even though possible secondary structures are identified with some kind of potential functionality not known until now.Maestrí