Evaluation Of Two Refined Mann–Whitney Procedures

Pengujian ke atas persamaan min dua kumpulan yang tidak bersandar merupakan satu masalah inferens yang sering berlaku dalam bidang pendidikan dan psikologi. Antara ujian yang lazim digunakan ialah ujian-ujian klasik seperti ujian t dan ujian Mann-Whitney. Namun demikian ujian-ujian klasik ini mempunyai kelemahan kerana prestasi mereka bergantung ke atas anggapan-anggapan tertentu. Testing for the equality of means across two independent groups is a common inferential problem especially in education and psychology. One of the most frequently used tests is either the classical t test or the Mann-Whitney test. But these classical tests are not without flaws as their performance depends on underlying assumptions

A new adaptive test for paired data for small to moderate sample sizes.

When carrying out data analysis, a practitioner has to decide on a suitable test for hypothesis testing, and as such, would look for a test that has a high relative power. Tests for paired data tests are usually conducted using t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or the sign test. Some adaptive tests have also been suggested in the literature by O'Gorman, who found that no single member of that family performed well for all sample sizes and different tail weights, and hence, he recommended that choice of a member of that family be made depending on both the sample size and the tail weight. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive test. Simulation studies for n=25 and n=50 show that it works well for nearly all tail weights ranging from the light-tailed beta and uniform distributions to t(4) distributions. More precisely, our test has both robustness of level (in keeping the empirical levels close to the nominal level) and efficiency of power. The results of our study contribute to the area of statistical inference

Approximation of the sum of independent lognormal variates using lognormal distribution by maximum likelihood estimation approached

Three methods of approximating the sum of lognormal variates to a lognormal distribution were studied. They were the Wilkinson approximation, the Monte Carlo version of the Wilkinson approximation and the approximation using estimated maximum likelihood lognormal parameters. The lognormal variates were generated empirically using Monte Carlo simulation based on several conditions such as number of lognormal variates in the sum, number of sample points in the variates, the variates are independent and identically distributed (IID) and also not identically distributed (NIID) with lognormal parameters. Evaluation of all three lognormal approximation methods was performed using the Anderson Darling test. Results show that the approximation using estimated maximum likelihood lognormal parameters produced Type I errors close to the 0.05 target and is considered the best approximation

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Culture and sustainability: Exploring the nexus in the context of globalizing Asian cities

Using the case study of Singapore, this paper presents a simple methodological framework to evaluate how well a city is doing in harnessing culture\u27s potential contribution to urban sustainability. Benchmarks, Best Practices and Framework for Sustainable Urban Development Research Objectives– To advance the knowledge of sustainable urban development through multi-disciplinary research.– To identify and analyze existing international best practices for sustainable urban development.– To provide sustainability performance benchmarks for Singapore.– To develop a comprehensive framework that will provide guidance on sustainable urban development in Singapore and cities in Asia. This link is to the powerpoint presentation presented at: \u27Making Culture Count:&nbsp; Rethinking Measures of Cultural Vitality, Well-being and Citizenship\u27 Conference, held from 2-4 May at The University of Melbourne.&nbsp; More papers from this conference are available here &gt; Authors: Melissa Reese, Lai Choo Malone-Lee and Chye Kiang Heng, Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities, National University of Singapore. Supported by the Singapore Ministry of National Development, Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and the Housing and Development Board (HDB

Relative power-performance of t-test and bootstrap procedure for two-sample

The classical procedures of comparing two groups, such as t-test are, usually restricted with the assumptions of normality and equal variances.When these assumptions are violated, the rates of the Type I errors of the independent samples t-test are affected, particularly when the sample sizes are small.In this situation, the bootstrap procedure has an advantage over the parametric.In this study, the performances of the bootstrap procedure and the independent sample 1-test were investigated. The investigation focused on the power of both the test procedures to compare the two groups under different design specifications for normal and chi-square distributions.The results showed that the bootstrap procedure has 21 slight edge over the conventional t-test in term of the rate of achieving the benchmark level for both the distributions.In fact, the bootstrap procedure consistently outperformed the convention t-test across all the combinations of the test conditions

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes

Funder: Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002790Funder: Genome Canada (Génome Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100008762Funder: Canada Foundation for Innovation (Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000196Funder: Terry Fox Research Institute (Institut de Recherche Terry Fox); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004376Abstract: Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research