La piccolezza dei corpicelli: O conceito de doença epidêmica e contagiosa segundo Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro

In the early seventeenth century, the Portuguese physician Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro (1559-1638) proposed an innovative understanding of epidemic and contagious diseases based upon a brand new philosophy of nature. His conception of those morbid manifestations was strictly connected with his theory of the composition of things. In the book De meteoris microcosmi (1621), Estevão Rodrigues launched the principles on which he established his entire medical theory and practice, demonstrating that, in the early-modern period, philosophy was a propaedeutic discipline to medical thought. His theory consists by and large of a synthesis of pneumatic and atomist philosophies. Those principles were expanded in the books Compendio (1630) and Il curioso (1631), written and published at the same time of the outbreak of a plague in northern Italy, in 1630-33, with the purpose of defining what should be conceived as a universal disease (i.e. epidemic). His theory was considered an alternative to the one suggested, few decades earlier, by Girolamo Fracastoro in his De contagione (1546). Although influenced by many elements of Lucretian philosophy, Fracastoro’s proposal explained the mechanism of contagion through the use of an Empedoclean notion of sympathy.Keywords: medical thought, theories of diseases, early-modern medicine.No século XVII, o médico português Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro (1559-1638) formulou uma inovadora interpretação acerca da natureza e da causa das doenças epidêmicas e contagiosas baseando-se numa nova filosofia da natureza. O modo como concebia essas manifestações morbosas estava estreitamente conectado com o modo como ele concebia a natureza da matéria. Em 1621, no livro De meteoris microcosmi, Castro formulou uma nova teoria da matéria que alteraria todos os pressupostos usados na medicina clássica, ilustrando como, na época moderna, o conhecimento filosófico era um saber propedêutico ao saber médico. Sua teoria consistiu num amálgama de noções pneumáticas e atomistas. Em 1630 e 1631, nos livros Compendio e Il curioso, publicados durante o surto pestilencial que atingiu Florença entre os anos 1630-1633, Castro nos mostra como, pela alteração de sua filosofia da matéria, ele altera a sua concepção de doença epidêmica e contagiosa propondo uma nova teoria dos males universais. Sua nova teoria aparece então como uma alternativa àquela proposta por Girolamo Fracastoro em 1546 na sua obra De contagione e em voga nas cidades europeias. Apesar de se basear no pensamento atomista, a teoria fracastoriana ainda se fixava extensamente em noções empedocleanas acerca da matéria, matriz essa também empregada na filosofia de base aristotélica.Palavras-chave: pensamento médico, teorias das doenças, medicina na época moderna

Fábrica de Intelectuais. O ensino de Artes nos Colégios jesuíticos do Brasil, 1572-1759

The Society of Jesus, since the beginning of the Portuguese colonizationin America, built educational institutions focusing on primary, secondary and highereducation. These institutions were directed to external students, viz. laymen and regularpriests of different orders, and had an important role in the cultural formation of the socialgroups who would rule the country. Through those institutions, the Jesuits provided ahigh quality philosophical and theological education to the settlers, based on the culturaltradition of late scholasticism and updated through a dialogue with modern science. Theaim of this study is to analyze the history of the formation of those schools of philosophyin the different colleges of the Society of Jesus in Brazil, with special attention to thehistory of their regulation process.Desde os primórdios da colonização brasileira, a Companhia de Jesus organizou instituições básicas e universitárias de ensino voltadas aos leigos e aos clérigos das diferentes ordens. Estas instituições tiveram um importante papel na formação cultural das classes dirigentes que iriam, futuramente, governar o país. No que toca o ensino universitário, os padres forneceram aos colonos uma formação filosófica e teológica de alta qualidade, em diálogo direto com o debate da ciência moderna e em dia com a tradição cultural da segunda escolástica. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a história da formação dos cursos de Filosofia nos Colégios da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil dando especial destaque para a história de sua normatização e, muito marginalmente, de seus professores e estudantes

La piccolezza dei corpicelli: O conceito de doença epidêmica e contagiosa segundo Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro

In the early seventeenth century, the Portuguese physician Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro (1559-1638) proposed an innovative understanding of epidemic and contagious diseases based upon a brand new philosophy of nature. His conception of those morbid manifestations was strictly connected with his theory of the composition of things. In the book De meteoris microcosmi (1621), Estevão Rodrigues launched the principles on which he established his entire medical theory and practice, demonstrating that, in the early-modern period, philosophy was a propaedeutic discipline to medical thought. His theory consists by and large of a synthesis of pneumatic and atomist philosophies. Those principles were expanded in the books Compendio (1630) and Il curioso (1631), written and published at the same time of the outbreak of a plague in northern Italy, in 1630-33, with the purpose of defining what should be conceived as a universal disease (i.e. epidemic). His theory was considered an alternative to the one suggested, few decades earlier, by Girolamo Fracastoro in his De contagione (1546). Although influenced by many elements of Lucretian philosophy, Fracastoro’s proposal explained the mechanism of contagion through the use of an Empedoclean notion of sympathy.Keywords: medical thought, theories of diseases, early-modern medicine.No século XVII, o médico português Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro (1559-1638) formulou uma inovadora interpretação acerca da natureza e da causa das doenças epidêmicas e contagiosas baseando-se numa nova filosofia da natureza. O modo como concebia essas manifestações morbosas estava estreitamente conectado com o modo como ele concebia a natureza da matéria. Em 1621, no livro De meteoris microcosmi, Castro formulou uma nova teoria da matéria que alteraria todos os pressupostos usados na medicina clássica, ilustrando como, na época moderna, o conhecimento filosófico era um saber propedêutico ao saber médico. Sua teoria consistiu num amálgama de noções pneumáticas e atomistas. Em 1630 e 1631, nos livros Compendio e Il curioso, publicados durante o surto pestilencial que atingiu Florença entre os anos 1630-1633, Castro nos mostra como, pela alteração de sua filosofia da matéria, ele altera a sua concepção de doença epidêmica e contagiosa propondo uma nova teoria dos males universais. Sua nova teoria aparece então como uma alternativa àquela proposta por Girolamo Fracastoro em 1546 na sua obra De contagione e em voga nas cidades europeias. Apesar de se basear no pensamento atomista, a teoria fracastoriana ainda se fixava extensamente em noções empedocleanas acerca da matéria, matriz essa também empregada na filosofia de base aristotélica.Palavras-chave: pensamento médico, teorias das doenças, medicina na época moderna

Lire le livre du corps par le livre du Monde : essai sur la vie, philosophie et médicine d'Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro (1559-1638)

Defence date: 12 December 2012Examining Board: Professor Antonella Romano (Supervisor); Professor Giulia Calvi, University of California, Berkeley; Professor Luís Miguel Carolino, Museu de Ciência da Universidade de Lisboa; Professor Alessandro Pastore, Università degli studi di Verona.The present study offers an analysis of the life and thought of Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro, a Portuguese philosopher and physician working in the court of Grand Duke of Tuscany in early seventeenth century. It traces Rodrigues de Castro’s intellectual development from the time he studied medicine at the University of Coimbra to his activity as a physician in Florence and university professor of medicine in Pisa, showing the connections between his philosophical thought and medical theories and practices and placing these in the cultural context of seventeenth—century Portugal and Tuscany. For a long, historians have attributed a very specific role to Portugal in the history of early-modern philosophy. Ruled by the Tridentine canon, Portuguese culture was seen as dominated by scholasticism and Tridentine theology, a culture based by and large on Aristotelian philosophy. Little (or even none) space for alternative philosophical trends was recognized to exist in Portuguese early-modern culture. This study focusing on the development of philosophical and medical thought of Estêvão Rodrigues de Castro demonstrates that the theory of Portuguese intellectual homogeneity is fundamentally incorrect. The thesis argues that Castro’s thought was characterized by a renewed appropriation of ancient Greek atomistic theories. This innovative theoretical approach was generated in Portuguese context and then incorporated by the Florentine medical actors and institutions. More broadly, this study demonstrates the place and importance of this Portuguese physician in the European cultural framework

Que não seja o esmalte mais que o ouro – Theory of historical discourse in the thought of D. Francisco Manuel de Melo.

O estudo da escrita da história do fidalgo português Francisco Manuel de Melo (1606-1666) foi objeto de muitos trabalhos de estudiosos da história e da literatura da época moderna ibérica. Contudo, a maioria destes estudos fundaram-se numa reflexão que não seguiu a exigência da análise iuxta propria principia: com base na análise das obras históricas do fidalgo foram elaboradas leituras externas ao tempo de produção da historiografia do intelectual português. Acometidos por uma preocupação filológica, pretendemos, neste artigo, analisar a teoria do discurso histórico de Francisco Manuel de Melo presente na obra de crítica literária, o Hospital das Letras, buscando com isso compreender as categorias empregadas pelo próprio autor na produção de seus escritos históricos.The study of the historiography of the noble Portuguese noble Francisco Manuel de Melo (1606-1666) was the object of many studies by history and literature researchers of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern period. However, most of these studies were based on a reflection that did not follow the requirement of an analysis iuxta propria principia: based on the analysis of the historical work of the nobleman we find readings external to the time of production of the historiography of the Portuguese intellectual. Affected by a philological concern, we intend, in this article, to analyze the theory of historical discourse of Francisco Manuel de Melo present in the work of literary criticism, Hospital das Letras, seeking to understand the categories used by the author himself in the production of his historical writings

Que não seja o esmalte mais que o ouro: teoria do discurso histórico no pensamento de D. Francisco Manuel de Melo

The study of the historiography of the noble Portuguese noble Francisco Manuel de Melo (1606-1666) was the object of many studies by history and literature researchers of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern period. However, most of these studies were based on a reflection that did not follow the requirement of an analysis iuxta propria principia: based on the analysis of the historical work of the nobleman we find readings external to the time of production of the historiography of the Portuguese intellectual. Affected by a philological concern, we intend, in this article, to analyze the theory of historical discourse of Francisco Manuel de Melo present in the work of literary criticism, Hospital das Letras, seeking to understand the categories used by the author himself in the production of his historical writings.O estudo da escrita da história do fidalgo português Francisco Manuel de Melo (1606-1666) foi objeto de muitos trabalhos de estudiosos da história e da literatura da época moderna ibérica. Contudo, a maioria destes estudos fundaram-se numa reflexão que não seguiu a exigência da análise iuxta propria principia: com base na análise das obras históricas do fidalgo foram elaboradas leituras externas ao tempo de produção da historiografia do intelectual português. Acometidos por uma preocupação filológica, pretendemos, neste artigo, analisar a teoria do discurso histórico de Francisco Manuel de Melo presente na obra de crítica literária, o Hospital das Letras, buscando com isso compreender as categorias empregadas pelo próprio autor na produção de seus escritos históricos

Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable

Brazil, home to one of the planet's last great forests, is currently in trade negotiations with its second largest trading partner, the European Union (EU). We urge the EU to seize this critical opportunity to ensure that Brazil protects human rights and the environment

Delayed colorectal cancer care during covid-19 pandemic (decor-19). Global perspective from an international survey

Background The widespread nature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been unprecedented. We sought to analyze its global impact with a survey on colorectal cancer (CRC) care during the pandemic. Methods The impact of COVID-19 on preoperative assessment, elective surgery, and postoperative management of CRC patients was explored by a 35-item survey, which was distributed worldwide to members of surgical societies with an interest in CRC care. Respondents were divided into two comparator groups: 1) ‘delay’ group: CRC care affected by the pandemic; 2) ‘no delay’ group: unaltered CRC practice. Results A total of 1,051 respondents from 84 countries completed the survey. No substantial differences in demographics were found between the ‘delay’ (745, 70.9%) and ‘no delay’ (306, 29.1%) groups. Suspension of multidisciplinary team meetings, staff members quarantined or relocated to COVID-19 units, units fully dedicated to COVID-19 care, personal protective equipment not readily available were factors significantly associated to delays in endoscopy, radiology, surgery, histopathology and prolonged chemoradiation therapy-to-surgery intervals. In the ‘delay’ group, 48.9% of respondents reported a change in the initial surgical plan and 26.3% reported a shift from elective to urgent operations. Recovery of CRC care was associated with the status of the outbreak. Practicing in COVID-free units, no change in operative slots and staff members not relocated to COVID-19 units were statistically associated with unaltered CRC care in the ‘no delay’ group, while the geographical distribution was not. Conclusions Global changes in diagnostic and therapeutic CRC practices were evident. Changes were associated with differences in health-care delivery systems, hospital’s preparedness, resources availability, and local COVID-19 prevalence rather than geographical factors. Strategic planning is required to optimize CRC care