Sélection génétique sur la réponse au stress et stress à l’abattage: conséquences sur la qualité de la chair chez la truite arc-en-ciel.

A range of flesh quality parameters were investigated in stressed and unstressed rainbow trout, selectively bred for divergent cortisol responses to a standardised stressor

Selection for stress responsiveness and slaughter stress affect flesh quality in pan-size rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The control of slaughter stress is of importance with regard to both fish welfare and flesh quality. Muscle characteristics and instrumentally measured quality parameters were determined in rainbow trout lines selected for high-responsiveness (HR) or low-responsiveness (LR) of plasma cortisol to an acute confinement stressor. Measurements were made in both unstressed and stressed fish (a 15 min period of confinement before slaughter) from both lines. Compared to LR fish, HR fish were smaller, had a slightly higher condition factor, lower fat-meter-values, and higher carcass yield. No difference between the lines was observed for muscle pH, both at slaughter and at 72h post-mortem (pm). Fillets from HR fish had a lower muscle dry matter content and had higher lightness (L*) value for raw fillet. Fillet redness (a*) was lower for fish from the HR line for both raw fillet at slaughter and 72h pm, and for cooked fillets. Fillet firmness was higher for fish from the HR line for raw fillet, but lower after cooking. Both white and red muscle fibers of HR fish were smaller than those in LR fish and HR fish had a thicker red muscle than LR fish. Imposition of an acute confinement stressor before slaughter induced a differential plasma cortisol response in the HR and LR fish. Pre-slaughter stress also lowered muscle initial pH, lowered red muscle mean diameter, and reduced raw fillet mechanical resistance, but increased cooked fillet firmness and had no effect on fillet color. Almost no interaction between selection line and pre-slaughter stress effects was observed showing that slaughter stress had similar consequences in both lines. Overall, the HR/LR trout model gave new insights in the comprehension of trout flesh quality and showed that the level of plasma cortisol response did not affect the impact of slaughter stress on fillet quality

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Genetic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Escherichia coli Isolated From Healthy Pregnant Women in Madagascar

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern worldwide affecting humans, animals and the environment. However, data is lacking especially in developing countries. Thus, the World Health Organization developed a One-Health surveillance project called Tricycle focusing on the prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in humans, animals, and the environment. Here we present the first results of the human community component of Tricycle in Madagascar. From July 2018 to April 2019, rectal swabs from 492 pregnant women from Antananarivo, Mahajanga, Ambatondrazaka, and Toamasina were tested for ESBL-E. coli carriage. Demographic, sociological and environmental risk factors were investigated, and E. coli isolates were characterized (antibiotic susceptibility, resistance and virulence genes, plasmids, and genomic diversity). ESBL-E. coli prevalence carriage in pregnant women was 34% varying from 12% (Toamasina) to 65% (Ambatondrazaka). The main risk factor associated with ESBL-E. coli carriage was the rainy season (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–5.6, p = 0.009). Whole genome sequencing was performed on 168 isolates from 144 participants. bla(CTX–M–15) was the most frequent ESBL gene (86%). One isolate was resistant to carbapenems and carried the bla(NDM–5) gene. Most isolates belonged to commensalism associated phylogenetic groups A, B1, and C (90%) and marginally to extra-intestinal virulence associated phylogenetic groups B2, D and F (10%). Multi locus sequence typing showed 67 different sequence types gathered in 17 clonal complexes (STc), the most frequent being STc10/phylogroup A (35%), followed distantly by the emerging STc155/phylogroup B1 (7%), STc38/phylogroup D (4%) and STc131/phylogroup B2 (3%). While a wide diversity of clones has been observed, SNP analysis revealed several genetically close isolates (n = 34/168) which suggests human-to-human transmissions. IncY plasmids were found with an unusual prevalence (23%), all carrying a bla(CTX–M–15). Most of them (85%) showed substantial homology (≥85%) suggesting a dissemination of IncY ESBL plasmids in Madagascar. This large-scale study reveals a high prevalence of ESBL-E. coli among pregnant women in four cities in Madagascar associated with warmth and rainfall. It shows the great diversity of E. coli disseminating throughout the country but also transmission of specific clones and spread of plasmids. This highlights the urgent need of public-health interventions to control antibiotic resistance in the country

Limited Resection Versus Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Duodenal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors? Enucleation Interferes in the Debate: A European Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Background The optimal surgical procedure for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (D-GISTs) remains poorly defined. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) allows for a wide resection but is associated with a high morbidity rate. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of PD versus limited resection (LR) for D-GISTs and to evaluate the role of tumor enucleation (EN). Methods In this retrospective European multicenter cohort study, 100 patients who underwent resection for D-GIST between 2001 and 2013 were compared between PD (n = 19) and LR (n = 81). LR included segmental duodenectomy (n = 47), wedge resection (n = 21), or EN (n = 13). The primary objective was to evaluate disease-free survival (DFS) between the groups, while the secondary objectives were to analyze the overall morbidity and mortality, radicality of resection, and 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence rates between groups. Furthermore, the short- and long-term outcomes of EN were evaluated. Results Baseline characteristics were comparable between the PD and LR groups, except for a more frequent D2 tumor location in the PD group (68.3% vs. 29.6%; p = 0.016). Postoperative morbidity was higher after PD (68.4% vs. 23.5%; p < 0.001). OS (p = 0.70) and DFS (p = 0.64) were comparable after adjustment for D2 location and adjuvant therapy rate. EN was performed more in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) stage III/IV patients with tumors < 5 cm and was associated with a 5-year OS rate of 84.6%, without any disease recurrences. Conclusions For D-GISTs, LR should be the procedure of choice due to lower morbidity and similar oncological outcomes compared with PD. In selected patients, EN appears to be associated with equivalent short- and long-term outcomes. Based on these results, a surgical treatment algorithm is proposed

An essential role for Clp1 in assembly of polyadenylation complex CF IA and Pol II transcription termination

Polyadenylation is a co-transcriptional process that modifies mRNA 3′-ends in eukaryotes. In yeast, CF IA and CPF constitute the core 3′-end maturation complex. CF IA comprises Rna14p, Rna15p, Pcf11p and Clp1p. CF IA interacts with the C-terminal domain of RNA Pol II largest subunit via Pcf11p which links pre-mRNA 3′-end processing to transcription termination. Here, we analysed the role of Clp1p in 3′ processing. Clp1p binds ATP and interacts in CF IA with Pcf11p only. Depletion of Clp1p abolishes transcription termination. Moreover, we found that association of mutations in the ATP-binding domain and in the distant Pcf11p-binding region impair 3′-end processing. Strikingly, these mutations prevent not only Clp1p-Pcf11p interaction but also association of Pcf11p with Rna14p-Rna15p. ChIP experiments showed that Rna15p cross-linking to the 3′-end of a protein-coding gene is perturbed by these mutations whereas Pcf11p is only partially affected. Our study reveals an essential role of Clp1p in CF IA organization. We postulate that Clp1p transmits conformational changes to RNA Pol II through Pcf11p to couple transcription termination and 3′-end processing. These rearrangements likely rely on the correct orientation of ATP within Clp1p

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Introduction aux principes de la loi relative à l’action en réparation collective et premiers commentaires critiques

0info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Déterminisme nutritionnel et génétique de la teneur en lipides musculaires chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (étude par analyse de l'expression de gènes candidats, du protéome et du transcriptome du foie et du muscle)

Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif d identifier les mécanismes majeurs intervenant dans la régulation de l adiposité musculaire chez la truite arc-en-ciel. Pour cela, nous avons analysé les effets combinés de la sélection génétique et de l alimentation, facteurs prépondérants de variation de l'adiposité. Deux lignées de truites arc-en-ciel sélectionnées sur la teneur en lipides du muscle dorsal ("muscle gras" et "muscle maigre"), ont été nourries pendant 6 mois avec un régime contenant 10 ou 23% de lipides (% de la matière sèche). Nous avons mesuré l'activité et/ou l'expression d enzymes clé des principales voies métaboliques intervenant dans l'utilisation de l'énergie, puis développé une analyse différentielle globale à l échelle du transcriptome (microarray nylon) et du protéome (électrophorèse bidimensionnelle). Ces analyses portent sur le muscle blanc, tissu cible de la sélection, et le foie, carrefour métabolique et site majeur de la lipogenèse chez les poissons. Les résultats obtenus confirment l effet inhibiteur d un apport alimentaire riche en lipides sur la lipogénèse et la désaturation des acides gras dans le foie, déjà observé chez des individus de plus grande taille, et fournissent de nouvelles connaissances sur l effet exercé sur les autres voies, en particulier la protéolyse. Ces analyses ont également permis de mettre en évidence des différences métaboliques existant entre lignées, qui concernent non seulement le métabolisme des lipides mais aussi celui des autres substrats énergétiques. Il apparaît que les deux moyens utilisé pour augmenter la teneur en lipides du muscle mettent en jeu des mécanismes moléculaires différents. Nos travaux ont permis d identifier deux gènes dont l expression est augmentée dans le muscle en réponse à un apport alimentaire riche en lipides et par la sélection génétique en faveur d un indice d adiposité musculaire élevé, et qui pourraient être des marqueurs moléculaires de l adiposité musculaire.The objective of the study was to identify genes and proteins that are involved in the control of muscle fat deposition in rainbow trout. We analyzed the combined effects exerted by genetic selection and dietary treatment, which are the two main factors that can be used to manage body fat content. Two lines of rainbow trout, obtained after 3 generations of divergent selection for high or low muscle fat content, were fed diets containing either 10% or 23% lipids (% dry matter), for six months. We analyzed the activity and gene expression of key enzymes involved in energy utilization, and performed a more global approach through transcriptome (nylon microarray) and proteome (two- dimensional electrophoresis) analysis. We analyzed the liver, which is the centre of intermediary metabolism and the main site of lipogenesis in fish, and the muscle, the target tissue of the selection provedure. The results confirmed the depressing effect exerted by a lipid rich diet on lipogenesis and fatty acid desaturation, already described in larger size fish, and provided new insight about the effect exerted on the other metabolic pathways, in particular the proteolysis. These analyses pointed out metabolic differences existing between lines. They involved not only lipid metabolism, but also the other pathways of nutrient utilization. With regard to their muscle-fattening effect, the dietary treatment and the genetic selection appear to act through different molecular mechanisms. These analyses allowed the identification of two genes that are over-expressed in muscle upon both high dietary lipid supply and upward selection for muscle fat content, suggesting that these two genes could be relevant molecular markers of muscle fattening.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocPLOUZANE-Bibl.La Pérouse (290195209) / SudocSudocFranceF