Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min energy threshold, \nobreak{$6\times 10^{19}$eV}. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than $3.1^\circ$ from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the V\'eron-Cetty and V\'eron $12^{\rm th}$ catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is $(38^{+7}_{-6})$, compared with $21$ expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of $(69^{+11}_{-13})$. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics on 31 August 201

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs "radio-hybrid" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluoresence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request.Comment: accepted for publication in NIM A, 13 pages, minor corrections to author list and references in v

Search for First Harmonic Modulation in the Right Ascension Distribution of Cosmic Rays Detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above $2.5\times 10^{17}$ eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% $C.L.$ for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figure

Depth Of Maximum Of Air-shower Profiles At The Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements At Energies Above 1017.8ev

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Optimization Of The Precipitation Of Clavulanic Acid From Fermented Broth Using T-octylamine As Intermediate

This work describes the use of clavulanic acid (CA) precipitation as the final step in the process of purification of CA from fermentation broth as an alternative to conventional methods employed traditionally. The purpose of this study was to use a stable intermediate (t-octylamine) between the conversion of CA to its salt form (potassium clavulanate), thereby enabling the resulting intermediate (amine salt of clavulanic acid) to improve the purification process and maintain the stability of the resulting potassium clavulanate. To this end, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the precipitation step. For the first reaction, five temperatures (6.6 to 23.4 °C), concentrations of clavulanic acid in organic solvent (6.6 to 23.4 mg/mL) and t-octylamine inflow rates (0.33 to 1.17 drop/min) were selected based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). For the second reaction, five temperatures (11.6 to 28.4 °C), concentrations of clavulanic acid amine salt in organic solvent (8.2 to 41.8 mg/mL) and concentrations of potassium 2-ethylhexanoate (0.2 to 1.2 molar) were also selected using CCRD. From these results, precipitation conditions were selected and applied to the purification of CA from the fermentation broth, obtaining a yield of 72.37%.302231244Barboza, M., Almeida, R.M.R.G., Hokka, C.O., Kinetic studies of clavulanic acid recovery by ion exchange chromatography (2002) Biosep., 10, pp. 221-227Bersanetti, P.A., Almeida, R.M.R.G., Barboza, M., Araújo, M.L.G.C., Hokka, C.O., Kinetic studies on clavulanic acid degradation (2005) Biochem. Eng. J., 23, pp. 31-36Butterworth, D., Clavulanic acid: Properties biosynthesis, and fermentation (1984) Biotechnology of Industrial Antibiotics, 22. , In: Vandamme, E. J. New York: Marcel DekkerCardoso, J.P., (1998) Process For The Isolation Of A Pharmaceutically Acceptable Alkali Metal Salt Of Clavulanic Acid, , WO Patent 42858Cook, M.A., Curzons, A.D., Wilkins, R.B., (1984) Clavulanic Acid Salts And Their Preparation From The Tertiary, , Butyl Amine Salt. US4454069 (A)Cook, M.A., Wilkins, R.B., (1995) Process For The Preparation Of Clavulanic Acid, , EP 0672699A1Finn, M.J., Harris, M.A., Hunt, E., Zomaya, I.I., Studies on the hydrolysis of clavulanic acid (1984) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, pp. 1345-1349Foulstone, M., Reading, C., Assay of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, the components of augmentin, in biological fluids with highperformance liquid chromatography (1982) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 22 (5), pp. 753-762Hirata, D.B., Oliveira, J.H.H.L., Ferreira, A.G., Leão, K.V., Sousa, C.P., Barboza, M., Hokka, C.O., (2007) Preparation Of Clavulanate Salt Using A Tertiary Octylamine As An Intermediate. In: Current Research Topics In Applied Microbiology And Microbial Biotechnology., 754. , World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., SevilhaHirata, D.B., Oliveira, J.H.H.L., Leão, K.V., Rodrigues, M.I., Ferreira, A.G., Giulietti, M., Barboza, M., Hokka, C.O., Precipitation of clavulanic acid from fermentation broth with potassium 2-ethyl hexanoate salt (2009) Sep. Purif. Technol., 66, pp. 598-605Kim, J.W., Choi, N.H., Choi, G.S., Lee, D.W., (1995) Process For Manufacturing Clavulanic Acid Salt, , WO Patent 34194Mayer, A.F., Anspach, F.B., Deckwer, W.D., Purification of clavulanic acid by ion-pairing systems (1996) Biosep., (6), pp. 25-39Mullin, J.W., (1993) Crystallization, , 3rd (Ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., LondonOrtiz, S.C.A., Hokka, C.O., Badino, A.C., Utilization of soybean derivatives on clavulanic acid production by streptomyces clavuligerus (2007) Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40, pp. 1071-1077Rodrigues, M.I., Iemma, A.F., (2005) Planejamento de experimentos e otimização de processos: uma estratégia seqüencial de planejamentos, , 1st (Ed.) Casa do Pão Editora, Campinas ( (In PortugueseSöhnel, O., Garside, J., (1992) Precipitation: Basic principles and industrial applications, , 3rd (Ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, OxfordTeodoro, J.C., Baptista-Neto, A., Araújo, M.L.G.C., Hokka, C.O., Badino, A.C., Influence of glycerol and ornithine feeding on clavulanic acid production by streptomyces clavuligerus (2010) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 27 (4), pp. 499-506Yang, H.S., Choi, N.H., Lee, S.C., Ham, Y.B., Min, K.B., (1994) Process For The Purification Of Crude Clavulanic Acid, , EP 0594099A

Precipitation Of Clavulanic Acid From Fermentation Broth With Potassium 2-ethyl Hexanoate Salt

This paper describes a direct precipitation reaction of clavulanic acid (CA) using potassium 2-ethyl hexanoate salt. Clavulanic acid is an important molecule produced by the pharmaceutical industry to overcome problems relating to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. However, precipitation of this organic compound has been little studied and, unlike inorganic compounds, its isolation and precipitation usually involve a complex and meticulous process. The purpose of this work was to improve the purification process and increase the yield of CA from fermented broth by examining the influence of the combined concentrations of clavulanic acid (in organic solvent) and potassium 2-ethyl hexanoate on the potassium clavulanate precipitation reaction. Clavulanic acid was extracted at temperatures below 20 °C and preferably close to 15 °C in the water-immiscible organic solvent ethyl acetate. The drying step was performed with a suitable desiccant to produce an insoluble salt of potassium clavulanate. The resulting precipitate was crystalline and stable, a finding that was confirmed by an NMR 1H analysis. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.663598605Brown, A.G., Butterworth, D., Cole, M., Hanscomb, G., Hood, J.D., Reading, C., Rolinson, G.N., (1976) J. Antib., 6, pp. 668-669. , Comunications to the editor. V. XXIXBaggaley, K.H., Brown, A.G., Schofield, C.J., (1977) Nat. Prod. Rep., 14, p. 309Mayer, A.F., Anspach, F.B., Deckwer, W.D., (1996) Biosep, 6, p. 25Mayer, A.F., Hartmann, R., Decker, W.D., (1997) Eng. Sci., 52 (24), p. 4561Barboza, M., Almeida, R.M.R.G., Hokka, C.O., (2002) Biosep, 10, p. 221Barboza, M., Almeida, R.M.R.G., Hokka, C.O., (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41 (23), p. 5789Barboza, M., Almeida, R.M.R.G., Hokka, C.O., (2003) Biochem. Eng. J., 14, p. 19Capuder, E., (1988), US Patent 5780274Gullo, V.P., McAlpine, J., Lam, K.S., Baker, D., Peterson, F.J., Drug discovery from natural products (2006) J. Microb. Biotechnol., 33, pp. 523-531Cardoso, J.P., Process for the isolation of a pharmaceutically acceptable alkali metal salt of clavulanic acid (1998), WO Patent 42858Capuder, E., US 6180782B1 2001E. Capuder, US 2001/0007761A1 (2001)Cole, M., Howarth, T.T., Reading, C., (1985) US 4525353Kim, J.W., Choi, N.H., Choi, G.S., Lee, D.W., (1995), WO Patent 34194Teodoro, J.C., Baptista-Neto, A., Cruz-Hernandez, I.L., Hokka, C.O., Badino, A.C., (2005) App. Microb. Biotechnol., 72, p. 450Ortiz, S.C.A., Hokka, C.O., Badino, A.C., (2007) Enz. Microb. Technol., 40, p. 1071Foulstone, M., Reading, C., (1982) Antimic Ag. Chemoth., 22 (5), p. 753Bersanetti, P.A., Almeida, M.R.G., Pasotto, M.B., Araujo, M.L.G.C., Hokka, C.O., Kinetic studies on clavulanic acid degradation (2005) Biochem. Eng. J., 23, pp. 31-36Mullin, J.W., (1993) Crystallization. 3rd ed., , Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., London p. 52

Reconstruction Of Inclined Air Showers Detected With The Pierre Auger Observatory

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