Aspects de la situation stratégique de la Suisse entre 1797 et 1804

Le 9 février 1801, le traité de Lunéville contient une stipulation qui peut être interprétée de façon différente. Cela n’est pas étonnant, puisque la France et l’Autriche ont participé à sa rédaction : « Art. 11. Le présent Traité de paix, notamment les articles 8, 9, 10 et 15 ci-après, est déclaré commun aux républiques Batave, Helvétique, Cisalpine et Ligurienne. Les Parties contractantes se garantissent mutuellement l’indépendance desdites républiques, et la faculté aux peuples qui les habitent d’adopter telle forme de Gouvernement qu’ils jugeront convenable. » Sur la base de ce principe d’indépendance et d’autodétermination, le Royaume-Uni conclut la Paix d’Amiens le 25 mars 1802, et les Français retirent leurs troupes de la République helvétique. En Suisse, cette situation nouvelle crée les conditions d’une insurrection qui balaie le régime helvétique et lui substitue une Confédération nouvellement constituée. Mais Bonaparte ne veut pas reconnaître une Confédération suisse indépendante ; il y déploie donc à nouveau ses troupes. Le Royaume-Uni, qui n’est pas prêt à admettre une domination française sur les axes alpins suisses, déclare la guerre à la France en mars 1803.Aspects of Switzerland’s strategic position between 1797 and 1804. The Treat of Lunéville of 9 February 1801 contained a stipulation that is open to differing interpretations. This is unsurprising as both France and Austria had taken part in its drafting: “Article 11. The present Peace Treaty, notably articles 8, 9, 10 and 11 that follow, is hereby declared applicable to the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine and Ligurian republics. The Contracting Parties together mutually guarantee the independence of the aforesaid republics, and the ability of the peoples who inhabit them to adopt whatever form of governance they judge appropriate.” On the basis of this principle of independence and self-determination, Great Britain concluded the Peace of Amiens on 25 March 1802, and the French withdrew their troops from the Helvetic Republic. In Switzerland this new situation created the conditions for an insurrection that swept aside the existing Helvetic regime and replaced it with a newly constituted Confederation. Napoleon Bonaparte did not want to recognize an independent Swiss confederation; he therefore sent French troops back into the territory. Great Britain was not prepared to accept French domination of Switzerland’s trans-Alpine communication routes and declared war on France in March 1803.Il 9 febbraio 1801, il Trattato di Lunéville contiene una stipulazione che può essere interpretata in maniera differente. Ciò non deve sorprendere, poiché la Francia e l’Austria hanno partecipato alla sua redazione : « Art. 11. Le présent Traité de paix, notamment les articles 8, 9, 10 et 15 ci-après, est déclaré commun aux républiques Batave, Helvétique, Cisalpine et Ligurienne. Les Parties contractantes se garantissent mutuellement l’indépendance desdites républiques, et la faculté aux peuples qui les habitent d’adopter telle forme de Gouvernement qu’ils jugeront convenable. » Il 25 marzo 1802, sulla base del principio d’indipendenza e d’autodeterminazione, il Regno Unito conclude la Pace di Amiens e i Francesi ritirano le loro truppe dalla Repubblica elvetica. In Svizzera, questa nuova situazione crea le condizioni per un’insurrezione che spazza via il regime elvetico e gli sostituisce la Confederazione di recente costituzione. Bonaparte non vuole riconoscere una Confederazione svizzera indipendente ; schiera dunque nuovamente le sue truppe. Il Regno Unito non è pronto ad ammettere una dominazione francese sugli assi alpini, e dichiara la guerra alla Francia nel marzo del 1803…Am 9. Februar 1801 enthält der Vertrag von Lunéville eine Bestimmung, die auf verschiedene Art und Weise ausgelegt werden kann. Nicht verwunderlich, haben doch Frankreich und Oesterreich an der Redaktion teilgenommen: "Art. 11. Der vorliegende Friedensvertrag, insbesondere die Artikel 8,9,10 und 15 nachstehend, gilt gemeinsam für die Batavische-, Helvetische-, Cisalpine- und Ligurische-Republik. Die vertragschliessenden Parteien garantieren sich gegenseitig die Unabhängigkeit der erwähnten Republiken und die Fähigkeit der sie bewohnenden Völker, diejenige Regierungsform anzunehmen, welche sie als angemessen betrachten." Auf der Basis dieses Grundsatzes der Unabhängigkeit und Selbstbestimmung, schloss das Vereinigte Königreich am 25. März 1802 den Frieden von Amiens und die Franzosen zogen ihre Truppen aus der Helvetischen Republik zurück. In der Schweiz führt diese neue Situation zu den Bedingungen, die das Helvetische Regime hinwegfegen und durch eine neu etablierte Eidgenossenschaft ersetzen. Bonaparte will eine unabhängige Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft nicht anerkennen; er entfaltet auf's neue seine Truppen. Das Vereinigte Königreich ist nicht bereit eine französische Beherrschung der schweizerischen Alpentransversalen zu akzeptieren und es erklärt im März 1803 Frankreich den Krieg..

Noninvasive in vivo magnetic resonance measures of glutathione synthesis in human and rat liver as an oxidative stress biomarker.

UNLABELLED: Oxidative stress (OS) plays a central role in the progression of liver disease and in damage to liver by toxic xenobiotics. We have developed methods for noninvasive assessment of hepatic OS defenses by measuring flux through the glutathione (GSH) synthesis pathway. (13) C-labeled GSH is endogenously produced and detected by in vivo magnetic resonance after administration of [2-(13) C]-glycine. We report on a successful first-ever human demonstration of this approach as well as preclinical studies demonstrating perturbed GSH metabolism in models of acute and chronic OS. Human studies employed oral administration of [2-(13) C]-glycine and (13) C spectroscopy on a 3T clinical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanner and demonstrated detection and quantification of endogenously produced (13) C-GSH after labeled glycine ingestion. Plasma analysis demonstrated that glycine (13) C fractional enrichment achieved steady state during the 6-hour ingestion period. Mean rate of synthesis of hepatic (13) C-labeled GSH was 0.32 ± 0.18 mmole/kg/hour. Preclinical models of acute OS and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) comprised CCl4 -treated and high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-fed Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, using intravenous administration of [2-(13) C]-glycine and observation of (13) C-label metabolism on a 7T preclinical MR system. Preclinical studies demonstrated a 54% elevation of GSH content and a 31% increase in flux through the GSH synthesis pathway at 12 hours after acute insult caused by CCl4 administration, as well as a 23% decrease in GSH content and evidence of early steatohepatitis in the model of NASH. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate in vivo (13) C-labeling and detection of GSH as a biomarker of tissue OS defenses, detecting chronic and acute OS insults. The methods are applicable to clinical research studies of hepatic OS in disease states over time as well as monitoring effects of therapeutic interventions

Incremental state-space exploration for programs with dynamically allocated data

We present a novel technique that speeds up state-space exploration (SSE) for evolving programs with dynamically allocated data. SSE is the essence of explicit-state model checking and an increasingly popular method for automating test generation. Traditional, non-incremental SSE takes one version of a program and systematically explores the states reachable during the program's executions to nd property violations. Incremental SSE considers several versions that arise during program evolution: reusing the results of SSE for one version can speed up SSE for the next version, since state spaces of consecutive program versions can have sig-ni cant similarities. We have implemented our technique in two model checkers: Java PathFinder and the J-Sim state-space explorer. The experimental results on 24 program evolutions and exploration changes show that for non-initial runs our technique speeds up SSE in 22 cases from 6.43% to 68.62 % (with median of 42.29%) and slows down SSE in only two cases for-4.71 % and-4.81%

Effects of prolonged endotoxemia on liver, skeletal muscle and kidney mitochondrial function

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis may impair mitochondrial utilization of oxygen. Since hepatic dysfunction is a hallmark of sepsis, we hypothesized that the liver is more susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction than the peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle. We studied the effect of prolonged endotoxin infusion on liver, muscle and kidney mitochondrial respiration and on hepatosplanchnic oxygen transport and microcirculation in pigs. METHODS: Twenty anesthetized pigs were randomized to receive either endotoxin or saline infusion for 24 hours. Muscle, liver and kidney mitochondrial respiration was assessed. The cardiac output (thermodilution) and the carotid, superior mesenteric and kidney arterial, portal venous (ultrasound Doppler) and microcirculatory blood flow (laser Doppler) were measured, and systemic and regional oxygen transport and lactate exchange were calculated. RESULTS: Endotoxin infusion induced hyperdynamic shock and impaired the glutamate-dependent and succinate-dependent mitochondrial respiratory control ratio in the liver (glutamate, median (range) endotoxemia 2.8 (2.3–3.8) vs controls 5.3 (3.8–7.0); P < 0.001; succinate, endotoxemia 2.9 (1.9–4.3) vs controls 3.9 (2.6–6.3), P = 0.003). While the ADP added/oxygen consumed ratio was reduced with both substrates, the maximal ATP production was impaired only in the succinate-dependent respiration. Hepatic oxygen consumption and extraction, and the liver surface laser Doppler blood flow remained unchanged. Glutamate-dependent respiration in the muscle and kidney was unaffected. CONCLUSION: Endotoxemia reduces the efficiency of hepatic mitochondrial respiration but neither skeletal muscle nor kidney mitochondrial respiration, independent of regional and microcirculatory blood flow changes

Arterial levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reflect oxidant stress in vivo

Neutrophil-related, oxidant-mediated injury to the pulmonary microvasculature appears to follow endotoxemia, cutaneous thermal injury, and ischemia--reperfusion injury to the liver or intestine. Glutathione is an important endogenous intracellular oxygen radical scavenger. Plasma concentrations of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reflect oxidant injury resulting from an overdose of certain oxidatively metabolized drugs. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate plasma GSSG as an indicator of oxidant stress resulting from activation of the endogenous inflammatory response. An established model of neutrophil- and oxidant-related acute lung injury following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats was used. Intestinal ischemia was induced by clip occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 120 min. Reperfusion resulted from SMA clip removal. Following reperfusion for 0, 15, or 120 min, plasma GSSG levels in portal vein, inferior vena cava (IVC), and aorta were obtained. Plasma GSSG was undetectable in sham animals and those with intestinal ischemia alone. Following reperfusion, all plasma samples had significant elevations in GSSG. Aortic plasma GSSG after 15 min of reperfusion was significantly elevated compared to both portal vein and IVC plasma GSSG. These data suggest that oxidant stress after intestinal reperfusion is reflected by elevations in plasma GSSG. The step up in plasma GSSG across the pulmonary vascular bed, a site of known oxidant injury, suggests that plasma GSSG may be a useful marker of oxidant stress in vivo, particularly with regard to the pulmonary microvasculature. This simple in vivo approach to assessing oxidant stress related to inflammatory tissue injury may have the potential to be of significant use in the clinical setting.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28648/1/0000464.pd

Oxidised- and total non-protein bound glutathione and related thiols in gallbladder bile of patients with various gastrointestinal disorders

BACKGROUND: Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine and glycine, accomplishing a broad range of vital functions. Synthesis of glutathione and cysteine is performed mainly in the liver, whereas most other tissues are supplied with these thiols via sinusoidal efflux into the blood. Since canalicular efflux also occurs, thiols may be present in human bile. However, thiol composition of human gallbladder bile is largely unknown, which makes it difficult to speculate on the exact function of thiols in bile. In this study we report on the levels of non-protein bound thiols in gallbladder bile of patients with various gastrointestinal disorders. METHODS: Gallbladder bile was obtained after cholecystectomy from 30 patients who were operated for pancreatic cancer, duodenal cancer, chronic pancreatitis or cholecystolithiasis. Bile was analysed for non-protein bound total- and oxidised glutathione and related thiols, by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: A more than 100-fold inter-individual variation in non-protein bound thiol levels was found in human gallbladder bile of patients with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. Bile did contain high amounts of cysteine, whereas much lower levels of glutathione, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine were detected. Most thiols were present in their oxidised forms. CONCLUSION: Thiols are present in considerable amounts in human gallbladder bile of patients with various gastrointestinal disorders, levels of cysteine being much higher than those of glutathione and other thiols. Most thiols were in their oxidised forms, which may indicate the presence of considerable chemical- or oxidative stress in the patients studied here

Multifaceted Impacts of Sustainable Land Management in Drylands : A Review

Peer reviewe