10,001 research outputs found
Metallic Ferromagnetism in the Kondo Lattice
Metallic magnetism is both ancient and modern, occurring in such familiar
settings as the lodestone in compass needles and the hard drive in computers.
Surprisingly, a rigorous theoretical basis for metallic ferromagnetism is still
largely missing. The Stoner approach perturbatively treates Coulomb
interactions when the latter need to be large, while the Nagaoka approach
incorporates thermodynamically negligible electrons into a half-filled band.
Here, we show that the ferromagnetic order of the Kondo lattice is amenable to
an asymptotically exact analysis over a range of interaction parameters. In
this ferromagnetic phase, the conduction electrons and local moments are
strongly coupled but the Fermi surface does not enclose the latter (i.e. it is
small). Moreover, non-Fermi liquid behavior appears over a range of frequencies
and temperatures. Our results provide the basis to understand some
long-standing puzzles in the ferromagnetic heavy fermion metals, and raises the
prospect for a new class of ferromagnetic quantum phase transitions.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, including Supporting Informatio
Physical and chemical fingerprint of protostellar disc formation
(Abridged) The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare the physical
and chemical structure of Class I low-mass protostellar sources on
protoplanetary disc scales. We present a study of the dust and gas emission
towards a representative sample of 12 Class I protostars from the Ophiuchus
molecular cloud with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
The continuum at 0.87 mm and molecular transitions from C17O, C34S, H13CO+,
CH3OH, SO2 , and C2H were observed at high angular resolution (0.4", ~60 au
diameter) towards each source. Disc and stellar masses are estimated from the
continuum flux and position-velocity diagrams, and six of the sources show
disc-like structures. Towards the more luminous sources, compact emission and
large line widths are seen for transitions of SO2 that probe warm gas (Eu ~200
K). In contrast, C17O emission is detected towards the least evolved and less
luminous systems. No emission of CH3OH is detected towards any of the continuum
peaks, indicating an absence of warm CH3OH gas towards these sources. A
power-law relation is seen between the stellar mass and the bolometric
luminosity, corresponding to a mass accretion rate of (2.4 +/- 0.6) x 10^-7
Msun/year for the Class I sources. This mass accretion rate is lower than the
expected value if the accretion is constant in time and rather points to a
scenario of accretion occurring in bursts. The differentiation between C17O and
SO2 suggests that they trace different physical components: C17O traces the
densest and colder regions of the disc-envelope system, while SO2 may be
associated with regions of higher temperature, such as accretion shocks. The
lack of warm CH3OH emission suggests that there is no hot-core-like region
around any of the sources and that the CH3OH column density averaged over the
disc is low.Comment: 20 pages, 16 figures, 8 table
Chemistry of a newly detected circumbinary disk in Ophiuchus
(Abridged) Astronomers recently started discovering exoplanets around binary
systems. Therefore, understanding the formation and evolution of circumbinary
disks is crucial for a complete scenario of planet formation. The aim of this
paper is to present the detection of a circumbinary disk around Oph-IRS67 and
analyse its structure. We present high-angular-resolution (0.4", 60 AU)
observations of C17O, H13CO+ , C34S, SO2, C2H and c-C3H2 molecular transitions
with ALMA at 0.8 mm. The spectrally and spatially resolved maps reveal the
kinematics of the circumbinary disk as well as its chemistry. Molecular
abundances are estimated using RADEX. The continuum emission reveals the
presence of a circumbinary disk around the two sources. This disk has a
diameter of ~620 AU and is well traced by C17O and H13CO+ emission. C2H and
c-C3H2 trace a higher-density region which is spatially offset from the sources
(~430 AU). Finally, SO2 shows compact emission around one of the sources,
Oph-IRS67 B. The molecular transitions which trace the circumbinary disk are
consistent with a Keplerian profile on disk scales (< 200 AU) and an infalling
profile for envelope scales (> 200 AU). The Keplerian fit leads to a mass of
2.2 Msun. Inferred CO abundances w.r.t. H2 are comparable to the canonical ISM
value of 2.7e-4. This study proves the first detection of the circumbinary disk
associated with Oph-IRS67. The disk is chemically differentiated from the
nearby high-density region. The lack of methanol emission suggests the extended
disk dominates the mass budget in the inner- most regions of the protostellar
envelope, generating a flat density profile where less material is exposed to
high temperatures. Thus, complex organic molecules would be associated with
lower column densities. Finally, Oph-IRS67 is a promising candidate for the
detection of both circumstellar disks with higher-angular-resolution
observations.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, 6 table
Creation of dense polymer brush layers by the controlled deposition of an amphiphilic responsive comb polymer
We introduce a copolymer with a comb topology that has been engineered to assemble in a brush configuration at an air-water interface. The molecule comprises a 6.1 kDa poly(methyl methacrylate) backbone with a statistical amount of poly[2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate] polybase side chains averaging 2.43 per backbone.. Brush layers deposited with the hydrophobic PMMA backbone adsorbed to hydrophobized silicon are stable in water even when stored at pH values less than 2.0 for over 24 h. The use of a Langmuir trough allows a simple controlled deposition of the layers at a variety of grafting densities. Depth profiling of brush layers was performed using neutron reflectometry and reveals a significant shifting of the responsiveness of the layer upon changing the grafting density. The degree of swelling of the layers at a pH value of 4 (below the pK(b)) decreases as grafting density increases. Lowering the pH of the subphase during deposition causes the side chains to become charged and more hydrophilic extending to a brush-like configuration while at neutral pH the side chains lie in a "pancake" conformation at the interface. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Confinement in a Double Barrier Structure in the Presence of an Electric Field
The effect of electric field on the electron resonant tunnelling into a
double barrier structure is studied. We show for particular field strengths an
increase of the tunnelling time which leads us to explain the Stark-ladder
localization and Bloch oscillations in superlattices and to discuss the
quenching of luminescence in multiple quantum wells.Comment: Latex 7 pages with 4 figures. The figures are included in this
version and the figure caption is slightly modifie
Separation Distribution of Vacuum Bubbles in de Sitter Space
We compute the probability distribution of the invariant separation between
nucleation centers of colliding true vacuum bubbles arising from the decay of a
false de Sitter space vacuum. We find that even in the limit of a very small
nucleation rate per unit Hubble volume the production of widely separated
bubble pairs is suppressed. This distribution is of particular relevance for
the recently proposed ``colliding bubble braneworld'' scenario, in which the
value of Omega_k (the contribution of negative spatial curvature to the
cosmological density parameter) is determined by the invariant separation of
the colliding bubble pair. We also consider the probability of a collision with
a `third' bubble.Comment: 15 pages REVTEX, 2 Postscript figure
Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice
Obesity is closely associated with the metabolic syndrome, a combination of disorders including insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. A role for local glucocorticoid reamplification in obesity and the metabolic syndrome has been suggested. The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regenerates active cortisol from inactive 11-keto forms, and aP2-HSD1 mice with relative transgenic overexpression of this enzyme in fat cells develop visceral obesity with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Here we report that aP2-HSD1 mice also have high arterial blood pressure (BP). The mice have increased sensitivity to dietary salt and increased plasma levels of angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. This hypertension is abolished by selective angiotensin II receptor AT-1 antagonist at a low dose that does not affect BP in non-Tg littermates. These findings suggest that activation of the circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) develops in aP2-HSD1 mice. The long-term hypertension is further reflected by an appreciable hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the distal tubule epithelium of the nephron, resembling salt-sensitive or angiotensin II–mediated hypertension. Taken together, our findings suggest that overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in fat is sufficient to cause salt-sensitive hypertension mediated by an activated RAS. The potential role of adipose 11β-HSD1 in mediating critical features of the metabolic syndrome extends beyond obesity and metabolic complications to include the most central cardiovascular feature of this disorder
Enhancement of Jc by Hf -Doping in the Superconductor MgB2: A Hyperfine Interaction Study
Measurements of the critical current density (Jc) by magnetization and the
upper critical field (Hc2) by magnetoresistance have been performed for
hafnium-doped MgB2. There has been a remarkable enhancement of Jc as compared
to that by ion irradiation without any appreciable decrease in Tc, which is
beneficial from the point of view of applications. The irreversibility line
extracted from Jc shows an upward shift. In addition, there has been an
increase in the upper critical field which indicates that Hf partially
substitutes for Mg. Hyperfine interaction parameters obtained from time
differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) measurements revealed the
formation of HfB and HfB2 phases along with the substitution of Hf. A possible
explanation is given for the role of these species in the enhancement of Jc in
MgB2 superconductor
Particle Spectrum Created Through Bubble Nucleation
Using the multi-dimensional wave function formalism, we investigate the
quantum state of a scalar field inside a true vacuum bubble nucleated through
false vacuum decay in flat spacetime. We developed a formalism which allows us
a mode-by-mode analysis. To demonstrate its advantage, we describe in detail
the evolution of the quantum state during the tunneling process in terms of
individual mode functions and interpret the result in the language of particle
creation. The spectrum of the created particles is examined based on quantum
field theory in the Milne universe.Comment: 14 pages, revtex file, 4 uuencoded compressed postscript figures
appended at the en
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