Toscana Virus in Spain

Toscana virus (TOSV, Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Spain. Within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of TOSV was conducted in Granada, in southern Spain. The overall seroprevalence rate was 24.9%, significantly increasing with age. TOSV was detected in 3 of 103 sandfly pools by viral culture or reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction from a region of the L gene. Nucleotide sequence homology was 99%–100% in TOSV from vectors and patients and 80%–81% compared to the Italian strain ISS Phl.3. Sequencing of the N gene of TOSV isolates from patients and vectors indicated 87%–88% and 100% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared to the Italian strain. These findings demonstrate the circulation of at least 2 different lineages of TOSV in the Mediterranean basin, the Italian lineage and the Spanish lineage.Grant sponsor was Red EVITAR, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spanish Ministry of Health, grant no. G03/059. Ximena Collao has a research grant from Valparaiso University (MECESUP project, Chile). The study of vectors, i.e., capture of phlebotomines and taxonomic classification, was supported by the Junta de Andalucía, research grant CVI 176. Dr Sanbonmatsu-Gámez is a microbiologist on a fellowship from the EVITAR network (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spanish Ministry of Health; grant no. G03/059). Her research interest focuses on viral infectious diseases, especially arthropodborne viral diseases

Regulation of atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 by the phosphatase DUSP2

The atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 are activated by phosphorylation of a serine residue lying within the activation loop signature sequence S-E-G. However, the regulation of ERK3 and ERK4 phosphorylation and activity is poorly understood. Here we report that the inducible nuclear dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) DUSP2, a known regulator of the ERK and p38 MAPKs, is unique amongst the MKP family in being able to bind to both ERK3 and ERK4. This interaction is mediated by a conserved common docking (CD) domain within the carboxyl-terminal domains of ERK3 and ERK4 and the conserved kinase interaction motif (KIM) located within the non-catalytic amino terminus of DUSP2. This interaction is direct and results in the dephosphorylation of ERK3 and ERK4 and the stabilization of DUSP2. In the case of ERK4 its ability to stabilize DUSP2 requires its kinase activity. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of DUSP2 inhibits ERK3 and ERK4-mediated activation of its downstream substrate MK5. We conclude that the activity of DUSP2 is not restricted to the classical MAPK pathways and that DUSP2 can also regulate the atypical ERK3/4-MK5 signalling pathway in mammalian cells

Similar Impact of CD8+ T Cell Responses on Early Virus Dynamics during SIV Infections of Rhesus Macaques and Sooty Mangabeys

Despite comparable levels of virus replication, simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) infection is non-pathogenic in natural hosts, such as sooty mangabeys (SM), whereas it is pathogenic in non-natural hosts, such as rhesus macaques (RM). Comparative studies of pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection can thus shed light on the role of specific factors in SIV pathogenesis. Here, we determine the impact of target-cell limitation, CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells on virus replication in the early SIV infection. To this end, we fit previously published data of experimental SIV infections in SMs and RMs with mathematical models incorporating these factors and assess to what extent the inclusion of individual factors determines the quality of the fits. We find that for both rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys, target-cell limitation alone cannot explain the control of early virus replication, whereas including CD8+ T cells into the models significantly improves the fits. By contrast, including NK cells does only significantly improve the fits in SMs. These findings have important implications for our understanding of SIV pathogenesis as they suggest that the level of early CD8+ T cell responses is not the key difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection

The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound - Part I: Extraarticular Pathologies

The first part of the guidelines and recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasound, produced under the auspices of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB), provides information about the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for assessing extraarticular structures (muscles, tendons, entheses, ligaments, bones, bursae, fasciae, nerves, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and nails) and their pathologies. Clinical applications, practical points, limitations, and artifacts are described and discussed for every structure. After an extensive literature review, the recommendations have been developed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine and GRADE criteria and the consensus level was established through a Delphi process. The document is intended to guide clinical users in their daily practice

Evidence for biological roots in the transgenerational transmission of intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence is a ubiquitous and devastating phenomenon for which effective interventions and a clear etiological understanding are still lacking. A major risk factor for violence perpetration is childhood exposure to violence, prompting the proposal that social learning is a major contributor to the transgenerational transmission of violence. Using an animal model devoid of human cultural factors, we showed that male rats became highly aggressive against their female partners as adults after exposure to non-social stressful experiences in their youth. Their offspring also showed increased aggression toward females in the absence of postnatal father–offspring interaction or any other exposure to violence. Both the females that cohabited with the stressed males and those that cohabited with their male offspring showed behavioral (including anxiety- and depression-like behaviors), physiological (decreased body weight and basal corticosterone levels) and neurobiological symptoms (increased activity in dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in response to an unfamiliar male) resembling the alterations described in abused and depressed women. With the caution required when translating animal work to humans, our findings extend current psychosocial explanations of the transgenerational transmission of intimate partner violence by strongly suggesting an important role for biological factors

Mosquitoes Put the Brake on Arbovirus Evolution: Experimental Evolution Reveals Slower Mutation Accumulation in Mosquito Than Vertebrate Cells

Like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains DENV evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. Moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing DENV from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. To test this prediction, DENV was serially passaged in either a single human cell line (Huh-7), a single mosquito cell line (C6/36), or in alternating passages between Huh-7 and C6/36 cells. After 10 passages, consensus mutations were identified and fitness was assayed by evaluating replication kinetics in both cell types as well as in a novel cell type (Vero) that was not utilized in any of the passage series. Viruses allowed to specialize in single host cell types exhibited fitness gains in the cell type in which they were passaged, but fitness losses in the bypassed cell type, and most alternating passages, exhibited fitness gains in both cell types. Interestingly, fitness gains were observed in the alternately passaged, cloned viruses, an observation that may be attributed to the acquisition of both host cell–specific and amphi-cell-specific adaptations or to recovery from the fitness losses due to the genetic bottleneck of biological cloning. Amino acid changes common to both passage series suggested convergent evolution to replication in cell culture via positive selection. However, intriguingly, mutations accumulated more rapidly in viruses passed in Huh-7 cells than in those passed in C6/36 cells or in alternation. These results support the hypothesis that releasing DENV from host alternation facilitates adaptation, but there is limited support for the hypothesis that such alternation necessitates a fitness trade-off. Moreover, these findings suggest that patterns of genetic evolution may differ between viruses replicating in mammalian and mosquito cells

Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries

[EN] The objective of this research is to know which wellbeing indicators, such as work-life balance, educational level, income or job security, are related to the rate of female entrepreneurship in 29 OECD countries. In addition, these countries have been classified according to the motivation of the entrepreneur either by necessity or by opportunity. The empiric study is focused on 29 OECD countries covering the different geographic areas (Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East, etc.) Due to the fact that the sample is relatively small, it is essential to use a selective approach when selecting the causal conditions. To this end, fsQCA is the most appropriate methodology for such a small data set. A total of 5 variables have been used: an independent variable (female TEA ratio), and four dependent variables (work life balance, educational level, sustainable household income and job security). Data measuring female TEA ratio have been obtained from Global Entrepreneur Monitor (GEM in Global report, 2015) data base, while data measuring wellbeing dimensions were taken from the Better Life Index (OECD in How¿s life? Measuring wellbeing, 2015. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org). The results of this piece of research show that countries with high sustainable household income together with high level of education achieves high female entrepreneurship ratio with both, a good work-life balance (despite of a high unemployment probability), or a high labour-personal imbalance (in this latter, with a low probability of unemployment).This work has been funded by the R + D project for emerging research groups with reference (GVA) GV/2016/078.Ribes-Giner, G.; Moya Clemente, I.; Cervelló Royo, RE.; Perelló Marín, MR. (2019). Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. Quality & Quantity. 53(2):915-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4S915933532Ahl, H., Nelson, T.: How policy positions women entrepreneurs: a comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. J. Bus. Ventur. 30(2), 273–291 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.08.002Andersson, P.: Happiness and health: wellbeing among the self-employed. J. Socio-Econ. 37(1), 213–236 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.03.003Bardasi, E., Sabarwal, S., Terrell, K.: How do female entrepreneurs perform? Evidence from three developing regions. Small Bus. Econ. 37(4), 417–441 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9374-zBergheim, S., Schneider, S., Giesel, B., Walter, N.: Measures of Wellbeing. There is More to it Than GDP. Deutsche Bank Research, Frankfurt (2006)Berglund, H.: Between cognition and discourse: phenomenology and the study of entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 21(3), 472–488 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2013-0210Bianchi, M., Parisi, V., Salvatore, R.: Female entrepreneurs: motivations and constraints. An Italian regional study. Int. J. Gend. Entrep. 8(3), 198–220 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2015-0029Bittencourt Marconatto, D.A., Barin-Cruz, L., Pozzebon, M., Poitras, J.E.: Developing sustainable business models within BOP contexts: mobilizing native capability to cope with government programs. J. Clean. Prod. 129, 735–748 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.038Boarini, R., Comola, M., Smith, C., Manchin, R., de Keulenaer, F.: What makes for a better life? The determinants of subjective well-being in OECD countries—evidence from the Gallup World Poll. OECD statistics working papers, 2012(3), 0_1 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9b9ltjm937-enBoarini, R., D’Ercole, M.M.: Going beyond GDP: an OECD perspective. Fisc. Stud. 34(3), 289–314 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2013.12007.xBradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P., Richardson, D. (eds.): Comparing child well-being in OECD countries: Concepts and methods. Innocenti working paper, IWP-2006-03. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, Italy (2007)Brindley, C.: Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. Emerald Group Publishing Limited (2005). Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13552550510590554Burke, A.E., Fitzroy, F.R., Nolan, M.A.: What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the “employee or entrepreneur” dichotomy. Small Bus. Econ. 31(2), 93–115 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9086-6Buttner, H.E., Moore, D.P.: Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success. J. Small Bus. Manag. 35(1), 34–46 (1997). Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.comCarter, S.: The rewards of entrepreneurship: exploring the incomes, wealth, and economic wellbeing of entrepreneurial households. Entrep. Theory Pract. 35(1), 39–55 (2011)Castaño, M.-S., Méndez, M.-T., Galindo, M.Á.: The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Res. 68(7), 1496–1500 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.040Castellano, R., Musella, G., Punzo, G.: Structure of the labour market and wage inequality: evidence from European countries. Qual. Quant. 51(5), 2191–2218 (2017)Cervelló-Royo, R., Moya-Clemente, I., Ribes-Giner, G.: Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Latin America: Who should finance the entrepreneurial ventures of the less privileged? In: Peris-Ortiz, M., Sahut, J.-M. (eds.) New Challenges in Entrepreneurship and Finance, pp. 235–245. Springer, Cham (2015)Cervelló-Royo, R., Guijarro, F., Martinez-Gomez, V.: Social performance considered within the global performance of Microfinance Institutions: a new approach. Oper. Res. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-017-0360-3Chaaban, J., Irani, A., Khoury, A.: The composite global wellbeing index (CGWBI): a new multi-dimensional measure of human development. Soc. Indic. Res. 129(1), 465–487 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1112-5Chapple, S.: Child wellbeing and sole-parent family structure in the OECD: an analysis. OECD. Social, employment, and migration working papers (82), 0_1 (2009)Christofides, L.N., Polycarpou, A., Vrachimis, K.: Gender wage gaps, “sticky floors” and “glass ceilings” in Europe. Labour Econ. 21, 86–102 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003Cumming, D., Hou, W., Lee, E.: Sustainable and ethical entrepreneurship, corporate finance and governance, and institutional reform in China. J. Bus. Ethics 134(4), 505–508 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2381-7Cummins, R.A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J., Misajon, R.: Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: the Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Soc. Indic. Res. 64(2), 159–190 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024704320683De la Cruz Sánchez-Escobedo, M., Díaz-Casero, J.C., Díaz-Aunión, Á.M., Hernández-Mogollón, R.: Gender analysis of entrepreneurial intentions as a function of economic development across three groups of countries. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 10(4), 747–765 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0314-7Diener, E.: Subjective wellbeing. In: Diener, E. (ed.) The Sicence of Wellbeing, pp. 11–58. Springer, Dordrecht (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., Sanders, L.: The challenge of defining wellbeing. Int. J. Wellbeing 2(3), 222–235 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4Fiss, P.C.: Building better casual theories: a fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Acad. Manag. J. 54(2), 393–420 (2011)Fleche, S., Smith, C., Sorsa, P.: Exploring determinants of subjective wellbeing in OECD countries (2011)Fleche, S., Smith, C., Sorsa, P.: Exploring determinants of subjective wellbeing in OECD countries evidence from the world value survey. Working papers, OECD Statistics (2012). https://doi.org/10.1787/5kg0k6zlcm5k-enFoley, A., Griffith, B.: Education, training and the promotion of high quality entrepreneurs in the Republic of Ireland. In: Scott, M.G., Rosa, P., Klandt, H. (eds.) Educating Entrepreneurs for Wealth Creation. Ashgate, Aldershot (1998)Garikipati, S.: Microcredit and women’s empowerment: through the lens of time-use data from rural India. Dev. Change 43(3), 719–750 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01780.xGEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor): Global report (2015)Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., Keyes, C.L.M.: Wellbeing in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes. A review of the Gallup studies. In: Keyes, C.L.M., Haidt, J. (eds.) Flourishing: The Positive Person and the Good Life, pp. 205–224. American Psychologi cal Association, Washington (2003)Henry, C., Foss, L., Ahl, H.: Gender and entrepreneurship research: a review of methodological approaches. Int. Small Bus. J. 34(3), 217–241 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614549779Hessels, J., Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R.: Entrepreneurial aspirations, motivations, and their drivers”. Small Bus. Econ. 31(3), 323–339 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9134-xIezzi, D.F., Deriu, F.: Women active citizenship and wellbeing: the Italian case. Qual. Quant. 48(2), 845–862 (2014)Jansson, T.: Housing choices and labor income risk. J. Urban Econ. 99, 107–119 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.12.006Johansen, V., Foss, L.: The effects of entrepreneurship education—does gender matter? Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus. 20(3), 255–271 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.056889Judge, W.Q., Hu, H.W., Gabrielsson, J., Talaulicar, T., Witt, M.A., Zattoni, A., Kibler, B.: Configurations of capacity for change in entrepreneurial threshold firms: imprinting and strategic choice perspectives. J. Manag. Stud. 52(4), 506–530 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12121Kautonen, T., Kibler, E., Minniti, M.: Late-career entrepreneurship, income and quality of life. J. Bus. Ventur. 32(3), 318–333 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.02.005Kephart, P., Schumacher, L.: Has the “glass ceiling” cracked? An exploration of women entrepreneurship. J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud. 12(1), 2–15 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501200102Kirkwood, J.: Motivational factors in a push–pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gend. Manag. Int. J. 24(5), 346–364 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910968805Kobeissi, N.: Gender factors and female entrepreneurship: International evidence and policy implications. J. Int. Entrep. 8, 1–35 (2010). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0045-yKuckertz, A., Berger, E.S.C., Allmendinger, M.P.: What drives entrepreneurship? A configurational analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship in innovation-driven economies. Die Betriebswirtschaft/Bus. Adm. Rev. 75(4), 273–288 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004La Placa, V., McNaught, A., Knight, A.: Discourse on wellbeing in research and practice. Int. J. Wellbeing 3, 116–125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v3i1.7Langowitz, N., Minniti, M.: The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrep. Theory Pract. 31(3), 341–364 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.xLee, S.S.Y.: Examining policy configurations as conditions for long-term unemployment and non-standard employment in OECD countries using fuzzy-set analysis. Qual. Quant. 47(6), 3521–3536 (2013)Leffler, E., Svedberg, G.: Enterprise learning: a challenge to education? Eur. Educ. Res. J. 4(3), 219–227 (2005)Levie, J., Autio, E.: A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model. Small Bus. Econ. 31(3), 235–263 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9136-8Maccagnan, A., Wren-Lewis, S., Brown, H., Taylor, T.: Wellbeing and society: towards quantification of the co-benefits of wellbeing. Soc. Indic. Res. 1–27 (2018)Mandl, C., Berger, E.S.C., Kuckertz, A.: Do you plead guilty? Exploring entrepreneurs’ sensemaking-behavior link after business failure. J. Bus. Ventur. Insights 5, 9–13 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.12.002Martin, B.C., McNally, J.J., Kay, M.J.: Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: a meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(2), 211–224 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002McClelland, E., Swail, J., Bell, J., Ibbotson, P.: Following the pathway of female entrepreneurs. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 11(2), 84–107 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510590527Millán, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R., Aguado, R.: Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees. Small Bus. Econ. 40(3), 651–670 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1Minniti, M., Nardone, C.: Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Bus. Econ. 28(2–3), 223–238 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9017-yMishra, V., Nielsen, I., Smyth, R.: How does relative income and variations in short-run wellbeing affect wellbeing in the long run? Empirical evidence from China’s Korean minority. Soc. Indic. Res. 115(1), 67–91 (2014)Murias, P., Martinez, F., de Miguel, C.: An economic wellbeing index for the Spanish provinces: a data envelopment analysis approach. Soc. Indic. Res. 77(3), 395–417 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-2613-4Naudé, W., Amorós, J.E., Cisti, O.: Surfeiting, the appetite may sticken: entrepreneurship and happiness. Small Bus. Econ. 42(3), 523–540 (2014)Ng, T.W.H., Feldman, D.C.: Re-examining the relationship between age and voluntary turnover. J. Vocat. Behav. 74(3), 283–294 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.004O’Connor, A.: A conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education policy: meeting government and economic purposes. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(4), 546–563 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.07.003Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): OECD guidelines on measuring subjective well-being (2013)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: How’s Life? Measuring Wellbeing (2015). http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org . Accessed 28 May 2017Orlova, L.V., Sakhabieva, G.A., Vasyaycheva, V.A., Pronina, N.N.: Impact of educational attainment on the development of female entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Indian J. Sci. Technol. (2016). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i11/89427Osberg, L., Sharpe, A.: An index of economic wellbeing for selected OECD countries. Rev. Income Wealth 5(3), 291–316 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00056Osberg, L., Sharpe, A.: New Estimates of the Index of Economic Wellbeing for Selected OECD Countries, 1980–2007. Centre for the Study of Living Standards, Ottawa (2009)Parasuraman, S., Purohit, Y.S., Godshalk, V.M., Beutell, N.J.: Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological wellbeing. J. Vocat. Behav. 48(3), 275–300 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0025Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C.A.: Type of employment, work–family conflict and well-being: a comparative study. J. Organ. Behav.: Int. J Ind., Occup. Organ. Psychol. Behav. 22(5), 551–568 (2001)Patrick, C., Stephens, H., Weinstein, A.: Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions. Small Bus. Econ. 46(3), 365–390 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2Poggesi, S., Mari, M., De Vita, L.: What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 12(3), 735–764 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0364-5Ragin, C.: The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. University of California Press, Berkeley (1987)Ragin, C.C.: New directions in comparative research. In: Kohn, M.L. (ed.) Cross-National Research in Sociology, pp. 57–76. Sage, Newbury Park (1989)Ragin, C.C.: Fuzzy-Set Social Science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2000)Ragin, Charles C., Sonnett, J.: Between complexity and parsimony: limited diversity, counterfactual cases, and comparative analysis. In: Ragin, Charles C. (ed.) Redesigning Social Inquiry. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2004)Ragin, C.C.: Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, vol. 240. University of Chicago Pres, Chicago (2008)Rahman, S.A., Amran, A., Ahmad, N.H., Taghizadeh, S.K.: Enhancing the wellbeing of base of the pyramid entrepreneurs through business success: the role of private organizations. Soc. Indic. Res. 127(1), 195–216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0951-4Renee Baptiste, N.: Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance. Manag. Decis. 46(2), 284–309 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810854168Rey-Martí, A., Tur Porcar, A., Mas-Tur, A.: Linking female entrepreneurs’ motivation to business survival. J. Bus. Res. 68(4), 810–814 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.033Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W., Hay, M.: Global entrepreneurship monitor, 2002 executive report. London (2002)Ribes-Giner, G., Moya-Clemente, I., Cervelló-Royo, R., Perello-Marin, M.R.: Domestic economic and social conditions empowering female entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Res. 89, 182–189 (2018)Ruth Eikhof, D., Summers, J., Carter, S., Eikhof, D.R., Summers, J., Carter, S.: Women doing their own thing: media representations of female entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 19(5), 547–564 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2011-0107Sampedro Gallego, R., Camarero Rioja, L.: Female entrepreneurs in rural Spain—the failed subject of development. Rev. Int. Sociol. 65(48), 121–146 (2007)Saridakis, G., Marlow, S., Storey, D.J.: Do different factors explain male and female self-employment rates? J. Bus. Ventur. 29(3), 345–362 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.04.004Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J., Shanley, M.: New venture survival: ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. J. Bus. Ventur. 15(5), 393–410 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00008-1Shepherd, D., Haynie, J.M.: Birds of a feather don’t always flock together: identity management in entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Ventur. 24(4), 316–337 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.005Shinnar, R.S., Hsu, D.K., Powell, B.C.: Self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and gender: assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education longitudinally. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 12(3), 561–570 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.09.005Shir, N.: Entrepreneurial Wellbeing: The Payoff Structure of Business Creation. Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm (2015)Thiem, A., Dusa, A.: QCA: a package for qualitative comparative analysis. R package version 2.0. R J. 5, 87–97 (2013). Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/QCA/index.htmlTorri, M.M.C., Martinez, A.: Women’s empowerment and micro-entrepreneurship in India: constructing a new development paradigm? Prog. Dev. Stud. 14(1), 31–48 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993413504347Tur-Porcar, A., Mas-Tur, A., Belso, J.A.: Barriers to women entrepreneurship. Different methods, different results? Qual. Quant. 51(5), 2019–2034 (2017)Uy, M.A., Foo, M.Der, Song, Z.: Joint effects of prior start-up experience and coping strategies on entrepreneurs’ psychological wellbeing. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(5), 583–597 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.04.003Uy, M.A., Sun, S., Foo, M.Der: Affect spin, entrepreneurs’ wellbeing, and venture goal progress: the moderating role of goal orientation. J. Bus. Ventur. 32(4), 443–460 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.12.001Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., Vijverberg, W.: Education and entrepreneurship selection and performance: a review of empirical literature. J. Econ. Surv. 22(5), 795–841 (2008)Verheul, I., Stel, A.Van, Thurik, R.: Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 18(2), 151–183 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620500532053Witbooi, M., Ukpere, W.: Indigenous female entrepreneurship: analytical study on access to finance for women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 5(14), 5646–5657 (2011)Woodside, A.G., Bernal, P.M., Coduras, A.: The general theory of culture, entrepreneurship, innovation, and quality-of-life: comparing nurturing versus thwarting enterprise start-ups in BRIC, Denmark, Germany, and the United States. Ind. Mark. Manag. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.00

Damaged Intestinal Epithelial Integrity Linked to Microbial Translocation in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections

The chronic phase of HIV infection is marked by pathological activation of the immune system, the extent of which better predicts disease progression than either plasma viral load or CD4+ T cell count. Recently, translocation of microbial products from the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed as an underlying cause of this immune activation, based on indirect evidence including the detection of microbial products and specific immune responses in the plasma of chronically HIV-infected humans or SIV-infected Asian macaques. We analyzed tissues from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) to provide direct in situ evidence for translocation of microbial constituents from the lumen of the intestine into the lamina propria and to draining and peripheral lymph nodes and liver, accompanied by local immune responses in affected tissues. In chronically SIV-infected RMs this translocation is associated with breakdown of the integrity of the epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and apparent inability of lamina propria macrophages to effectively phagocytose translocated microbial constituents. By contrast, in the chronic phase of SIV infection in sooty mangabeys, we found no evidence of epithelial barrier breakdown, no increased microbial translocation and no pathological immune activation. Because immune activation is characteristic of the chronic phase of progressive HIV/SIV infections, these findings suggest that increased microbial translocation from the GI tract, in excess of capacity to clear the translocated microbial constituents, helps drive pathological immune activation. Novel therapeutic approaches to inhibit microbial translocation and/or attenuate chronic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals may complement treatments aimed at direct suppression of viral replication

Stimulation of osteogenic differentiation in human osteoprogenitor cells by pulsed electromagnetic fields: an in vitro study

Background: Although pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation may be clinically beneficial during fracture healing and for a wide range of bone disorders, there is still debate on its working mechanism. Mesenchymal stem cells are likely mediators facilitating the observed clinical effects of PEMF. Here, we performed in vitro experiments to investigate the effect of PEMF stimulation on human bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSC) metabolism and, specifically, whether PEMF can stimulate their osteogenic differentiation. Methods: BMSCs derived from four different donors were cultured in osteogenic medium, with the PEMF treated group being continuously exposed to a 15 Hz, 1 Gauss EM field, consisting of 5-millisecond bursts with 5-microsecond pulses. On culture day 1, 5, 9, and 14, cells were collected for biochemical analysis (DNA amount, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition), expression of various osteoblast-relevant genes and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Differences between treated and control groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and considered significant when p < 0.05. Results: Biochemical analysis revealed significant, differentiation stage-dependent, PEMF-induced differences: PEMF increased mineralization at day 9 and 14, without altering alkaline phosphatase activity. Cell proliferation, as measured by DNA amounts, was not affected by PEMF until day 14. Here, DNA content stagnated in PEMF treated group, resulting in less DNA compared to control. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that during early culture, up to day 9, PEMF treatment increased mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, transforming growth factor-beta 1, osteoprotegerin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and-3, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein. In contrast, receptor activator of NF-B ligand expression was primarily stimulated on day 14. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not affected by PEMF stimulation. Conclusions: PEMF exposure of differentiating human BMSCs enhanced mineralization and seemed to induce differentiation at the expense of proliferation. The osteogenic stimulus of PEMF was confirmed by the up-regulation of several osteogenic marker genes in the PEMF treated group, which preceded the deposition of mineral itself. These findings indicate that PEMF can directly stimulate osteoprogenitor cells towards osteogenic differentiation. This supports the theory that PEMF treatment may recruit these cells to facilitate an osteogenic response in vivo. © 2010 Jansen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd