Organic-Rich facies in the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal: Total organic carbon distribution and relation to transgressive-regressive facies cycles

The upper Sinemurian to Pliensbachian series of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) correspond to marly limestone sediments rich in benthic and nektonic macrofauna. This sedimentary record includes several intervals of organicrich facies, which are particularly well developed in the western sectors of the basin. They correspond to grey and dark marls locally showing strong lamination (black shale type) and are recognized as one of the most important potential oil source rocks. This study shows the vertical and lateral distribution of these organic-rich intervals, supported by over 550 total organic carbon (TOC) determinations. The results presented reveal two important intervals, with several black shale occurrences, in the Oxynotum(?)–Raricostatum (Polvoeira Member of Água de Madeiros Formation) and at the top of the Ibex-upper part of Margaritatus zones (top of the Vale das Fontes Formation), showing in the distal (western) sectors up to 22% and 15% TOC, respectively. TOC values decrease progressively towards the proximal sectors, the youngest organic-rich interval being the most expressive at the basin scale. This lateral TOC distribution, the facies stacking patterns and the decrease observed in benthic macrofauna confirm that these intervals are related to 2nd-order transgressive phases. 2nd-order regressive phases, developed during the uppermost Raricostatum and Spinatum zones respectively, show lower TOC values. TOC distribution combined with other stratigraphic and sedimentological parameters enabled seven facies maps to be created for the time interval studied. At the regional scale, this study shows for the first time the good similarity between the upper Sinemurian-Pliensbachian sedimentary successions of the Lusitanian and Basque- Cantabrian basins

Organic-Rich facies in the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal : Total organic carbon distribution and relation to transgressive-regressive facies cycles

The upper Sinemurian to Pliensbachian series of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) correspond to marly limestone sediments rich in benthic and nektonic macrofauna. This sedimentary record includes several intervals of organicrich facies, which are particularly well developed in the western sectors of the basin. They correspond to grey and dark marls locally showing strong lamination (black shale type) and are recognized as one of the most important potential oil source rocks. This study shows the vertical and lateral distribution of these organic-rich intervals, supported by over 550 total organic carbon (TOC) determinations. The results presented reveal two important intervals, with several black shale occurrences, in the Oxynotum(?)-Raricostatum (Polvoeira Member of Água de Madeiros Formation) and at the top of the Ibex-upper part of Margaritatus zones (top of the Vale das Fontes Formation), showing in the distal (western) sectors up to 22% and 15% TOC, respectively. TOC values decrease progressively towards the proximal sectors, the youngest organic-rich interval being the most expressive at the basin scale. This lateral TOC distribution, the facies stacking patterns and the decrease observed in benthic macrofauna confirm that these intervals are related to 2nd-order transgressive phases. 2nd-order regressive phases, developed during the uppermost Raricostatum and Spinatum zones respectively, show lower TOC values. TOC distribution combined with other stratigraphic and sedimentological parameters enabled seven facies maps to be created for the time interval studied. At the regional scale, this study shows for the first time the good similarity between the upper Sinemurian-Pliensbachian sedimentary successions of the Lusitanian and Basque- Cantabrian basins

The Thirring interaction in the two-dimensional axial-current-pseudoscalar derivative coupling model

The authors reexamine the two-dimensional model of massive fermions interacting with a massless pseudoscalar field via axial-current-pseudoscalar derivative coupling. Performing a canonical field transformation on the Bose field algebra the model is mapped into the Thirring model with an additional vector-current-scalar-derivative interaction (Schroer-Thirring model). The complete bosonized version of the model is presented. The bosonized composite operators of the quantum Hamiltonian are obtained as the leading operators in the Wilson short distance expansion.Comment: 13 page

Evaluation of total and non-fatty ether extract in feeds and cattle feces using two analytical methods

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate ether extract (EE) concentrations, pigments, and wax in forages (n=14), concentrates (n=23), and cattle feces (n=100) using extraction methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC; method 920.39) and American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS; method Am 5-04). The EE contents were compared by adjusting a linear regression model for each sample type. For the feces and forage samples, the EE contents produced by the AOCS method were greater (P<0.05) compared to those obtained using the AOAC method. No differences between methods were observed in EE content of concentrates (P>0.05). Concentration of vegetable pigments and wax were evaluated by using analysis for variance. Vegetable pigments were lower (P<0.05) in the post-extraction residues using the AOCS method, than the AOAC method, indicating greater participation of vegetable pigments in the EE. No differences were observed between the methods in wax concentration of the post-extraction residues (P>0.05). The quantification method of the EE content that is recommended by AOCS is not suggested for analyses of forage and feces of ruminants because it possibly increases the removal of non-fatty material, mostly pigments, in comparison to the method recommended by AOAC

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF REPETITIONS, TOTAL WEIGHT LIFTED AND NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT TRAINING BACKGROUNDS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, as well as neuromuscular activity, in a strength task in subjects with different training backgrounds. Participants (n = 26) were divided into three groups according to their training backgrounds (aerobic, strength or mixed) and submitted to three sessions: (1) determination of the maximum oxygen uptake during the incremental treadmill test to exhaustion and familiarization of the evaluation of maximum strength (1RM) for the half squat; (2) 1RM determination; and (3) strength exercise, four sets at 80�0of the 1RM, in which the maximum number of repetitions (MNR), the total weight lifted (TWL), the root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) of the electromyographic (EMG) activity for the second and last repetition were computed. There was an effect of group for MNR, with the aerobic group performing a higher MNR compared to the strength group (P = 0.045), and an effect on MF with a higher value in the second repetition than in the last repetition (P = 0.016). These results demonstrated that individuals with better aerobic fitness were more fatigue resistant than strength trained individuals. The absence of differences in EMG signals indicates that individuals with different training backgrounds have a similar pattern of motor unit recruitment during a resistance exercise performed until failure, and that the greater capacity to perform the MNR probably can be explained by peripheral adaptations

Central Neurogenic Respiratory Failure: A Challenging Diagnosis

Background: Central nervous system lesions are rare causes of respiratory failure. Simple observation of the breathing pattern can help localize the lesion, but the examiner needs to be aware of potential pitfalls such as metabolic or pulmonary alterations. Methods: We describe 3 cases in which central neurogenic respiratory failure occurred simultaneously with other alterations or in an unusual presentation. Results: All patients were diagnosed with central neurogenic respiratory failure and treated for it with good recovery. Conclusion: Central neurogenic respiratory failure is a challenging diagnosis and needs to be reminded in difficult-to-wean patients carrying inconclusive evidences of metabolic or pulmonary alterations

The Two-Spectra Inverse Problem for Semi-Infinite Jacobi Matrices in The Limit-Circle Case

We present a technique for reconstructing a semi-infinite Jacobi operator in the limit circle case from the spectra of two different self-adjoint extensions. Moreover, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for two real sequences to be the spectra of two different self-adjoint extensions of a Jacobi operator in the limit circle case.Comment: 26 pages. Changes in the presentation of some result

Developing Environmental and Scientific Education in School

Initiatives involving notions of environmental education and scientific education were stimulated in a state secondary school (Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), using practical and dynamic activities undertaken with pupils aged from 15 to 17 years old during an entire academic year. Each activity had a specific organization, with its own goals, targets, and a schedule for completing tasks, as well as staggered participation by the pupils involved. The variety of activities allowed pupils to be assigned according to their specific skills and interests. The aim of the project was to foster commitment in pupils in their day-to-day performance of activities, thereby helping create habits in accordance with an environmental and scientific education. The implementation of this project afforded the pupils the opportunity to plan actions which would allow ideas to be put into practice, turning them into reality. As well as teaching them subject matter from the curriculum, the actions undertaken also enable the teaching of auxiliary strategies to promote better eating habits and minimize the amount of organic waste discarded. Cultivating vegetable gardens in crates only requires small spaces, and raw vegetable peelings thrown in the bin were used to create organic compost for the garden itself. Activities such as these contribute towards making the school not just a place for formal education, but also a centre for teaching and disseminating measures that could yield immediate results in terms of raising the quality of life of the school community.Des initiatives portant sur des notions d’éducation environnementale et d’éducation scientifique, ont été encouragées dans une école publique (Niterói, RJ - Brésil) de l’enseignement secondaire, par le biais d’activités pratiques et dynamiques développées auprès d’élèves de 15 à 17 ans, sur toute une année scolaire. Chaque activité a exigé une organisation particulière comprenant des objectifs spécifiques, des buts et un calendrier d’exécution des tâches ainsi que la participation échelonnée des élèves concernés. La variété des activités a permis de répartir les élèves en fonction de leurs intérêts et aptitudes spécifiques. Le but du projet était de favoriser l’adoption, dans le quotidien des élèves, d’attitudes développées au cours des activités afin de contribuer à la création d’habitudes conformes à l’éducation environnementale et scientifique. Ce projet a donné l’occasion aux élèves de planifier des actions permettant de mettre des idées en pratique, et de les réaliser. Tout en permettant d’enseigner des contenus de programmes scolaires, les actions réalisées ont également été l’occasion d’enseigner des stratégies auxiliaires de promotion de meilleures habitudes alimentaires et de réduction du problème de l’élimination des déchets organiques. La culture de potagers dans des caisses peut se faire dans de petits espaces et les déchets crus de légumes jetés normalement à la poubelle ont pu être réutilisés  comme compost organique pour le potager. Ce genre d’activités contribue à faire de l’école, non seulement un espace d’éducation formelle, mais également un centre d’enseignement et de diffusion de mesures susceptibles de produire des résultats immédiats en termes de qualité de la vie dans la communauté scolaire.En una escuela pública (Niterói, RJ - Brasil) de enseñanza media, se estimularon iniciativas que implican nociones de educación medioambiental y científica mediante actividades prácticas y dinámicas desarrolladas con alumnos de 15 a 17 años, a lo largo de un año lectivo. Para cada actividad hubo una organización propia, con objetivos específicos, metas, y un calendario de trabajo para el cumplimiento de las tareas, así como la participación escalonada de los alumnos implicados. La variedad de actividades permitió organizar a los alumnos de acuerdo con sus intereses y habilidades específicas. El proyecto tenía como objetivo favorecer la incorporación, en la vida diaria de los alumnos, de las actitudes desempeñadas durante las actividades, contribuyendo a la creación de hábitos coherentes con una educación medioambiental y científica. El desarrollo de este proyecto permitió a los alumnos planear acciones que posibilitasen la puesta en práctica de ideas, transformándolas en realidad. Además de proporcionar la enseñanza de contenidos curriculares, las acciones realizadas también permitieron enseñar estrategias auxiliares para fomentar mejores hábitos alimenticios y minimizar el problema de la eliminación de la basura orgánica. El cultivo de huertos en cajas puede realizarse en espacios reducidos, y los restos crudos de vegetales desechados en la basura pueden ser reaprovechados como compost orgánico para la propia huerta. Actividades como estas contribuyen a transformar la escuela no solo en un espacio para la educación formal sino también en un centro de enseñanza y divulgación de medidas que pueden propiciar resultados inmediatos para aumentar la calidad de vida de la comunidad escolar.Iniciativas envolvendo noções de educação ambiental e educação científica foram estimuladas numa escola pública (Niterói, RJ - Brasil) de ensino médio, por meio de atividades práticas e dinâmicas desenvolvidas com alunos de 15 a 17 anos, ao longo de um ano letivo. Para cada atividade houve uma organização própria, com objetivos específicos, metas, e cronograma para cumprimento das tarefas, assim como a participação escalonada dos alunos envolvidos. A variedade de atividades permitiu a organização dos alunos de acordo com seus interesses e habilidades específicas. O projeto teve como objetivo favorecer a incorporação, no cotidiano dos alunos, de atitudes desempenhadas durante as atividades, contribuindo para criação de hábitos condizentes com a educação ambiental e científica. O desenvolvimento deste projeto permitiu aos alunos a oportunidade de planejar ações que possibilitaram a prática de ideias, transformando-as em realidade. Além de proporcionar o ensino de conteúdos curriculares, as ações realizadas também permitiram o ensino de estratégias auxiliares na promoção de melhores hábitos alimentares e na minimização do problema do descarte do lixo orgânico. O cultivo de hortas em caixotes é passível de realização em pequenos espaços e os restos crus de vegetais descartados no lixo puderam ser reaproveitados como composto orgânico para a própria horta. Atividades como essas contribuem para tornar a escola, além de um espaço para a educação formal, um centro de ensino e divulgação de medidas que podem propiciar resultados imediatos para aumento da qualidade de vida da comunidade escolar

Upper Sinemurian (Oxynotum–Raricostatum chronozones) from the S. Pedro de Moel area (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal)

El estudio detallado de la sucesión de ammonoideos (más de 800 ejemplares) procedentes de dos secciones expandidas (Polvoeira and Água de Madeiros), localizadas en la región de S. Pedro de Moel (Cuenca Lusitánica) ha permitido caracterizar la Cronozona Oxynotum (Subcronozona Oxynotum) por la existencia de Oxynoticeras, Bifericeras, Cheltonia y Plesechioceras y la Cronozona Raricostatum (subcronozonas Raricostatum, Macdonnelli y Aplanatum) por taxones típicos de las zonas estándar de Echioceras, Leptechioceras y Paltechioceras. El límite Sinemuriense-Pliensbachiense se ha marcado formalmente, por primera vez en la Cuenca Lusitánica con el primer registro de Gemmellaroceras aff. G. aenigmaticum, asociado a Apoderoceras subtriangulare.O estudo detalhado da sucessão de amonóides (mais de 800 exemplares) procedentes de duas secções expandidas(Polvoeira e Água de Madeiros), localizadas na região de S. Pedro de Moel (Bacia Lusitânica) permitiram caracterizar a Cronozona Oxynotum (Subcronozona Oxynotum) através da ocorrência de Oxynoticeras, Bifericeras, Cheltonia e Plesechioceras e a Cronozona Raricostatum (subcronozonas Raricostatum, Macdonnelli e Aplanatum) onde se reconheceram taxa típicos do quadro biostratigráfico de referência com Echioceras, Leptechioceras e Paltechioceras. O limite Sinemuriano- Pliensbaquiano é definido formalmente pela primeira vez com base na presença de Gemmellaroceras, afins a G. aff. aenigmaticum, associado a Apoderoceras subtriangulareThe detailed study of the ammonite succession (more than 800 specimens) observed in two expanded sections (Polvoeira and Água de Madeiros), located in the S. Pedro de Moel area (Lusitanian Basin), has allowed characterizing the Oxynotum and Raricostatum chronozones of the Upper Sinemurian. The Oxynotum Chronozone (Oxynotum Subchronozone) is recognized by the occurrence of the genera Oxynoticeras, Bifericeras, Cheltonia and Plesechioceras and the Raricostatum Chronozone (Raricostatum, Macdonnelli y Aplanatum subchronozones) by the record of several typical taxa of the standard zonation, pertaining to the genera Echioceras, Leptechioceras y Paltechioceras gr. tardecrescens. Based on the occurrence of Gemmellaroceras (G. aff. aenigmaticum) and the first record of Apoderoceras subtriangulare, the Sinemurian-Pliensbachian boundary is formally defined for the first time in the Lusitanian BasinDepto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEPortugal.Fundación para la Ciencia y la TecnologíaMinisterio de Innovación y Cienciapu