Superficial venous patterns of the cubital fossa among volunteers from Hospital Kuala Lumpur

Introduction Cubital fossa is a space in anterior to the elbow which contains important vessels and nerves in the arm. Superficial veins of cubital fossa are commonly used for blood sampling, transfusions and for intravenous injections often under conditions of emergency. These veins are useful in arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis. Besides that, they are used for creation of forearm flaps in plastic surgery. The arrangement of the superficial veins in the cubital fossa however is subjected to considerable variation. Different patterns of superficial cubital veins and their percentages of occurrence have been reported in various races. This prospective study among Malaysians from three races (Malays, Chinese and Indians) was planned since the superficial veins in the cubital fossa are important clinically and their arrangements are subject to racial variation. Objectives The aim of the study is to observe and describe the distribution of anatomical variations of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa among Malay, Chinese and Indian volunteers from Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Methodology and Study Design The study is designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving a simple examination of the superficial veins of cubital fossa among volunteers from Hospital Kuala Lumpur. My sample is composed of three hundred volunteers from three major ethnicities Malays, Chinese and Indians aged from eighteen and above. I, myself performed the duplex ultrasound assessment with the guidance from my supervisors in the vascular unit HKL. The patterns of the veins were drawn onto a survey form. Results Based on my analysis, the commonest type of anastomosis seen was type 1 in both genders with female having 33.3% and male having 34.0% on the right cubital fossa and 32.0% in female and 34.0% in male on the left cubital fossa. Type 1 was the commonest among Malays and Indians. It was 40.0% and 37.0% of right and left cubital fossa in Malays. Indians meanwhile had 36.0% and 41.0% on the right and left cubital fossa. While in Chinese type 3 of anastomosis observed the most. It was 38.0% and 40.0% on right and left cubital fossa. The mixed type combination on both right and left cubital fossa was the highest prevalence in all 3 major ethnicities. There was no significant difference between gender and patterns but there was a significant difference in between ethnicities and patterns of cubital fossa. Conclusion Superficial veins of cubital fossa have their clinical importance. The understanding of patterns in genders, ethnicities and combination patterns of both cubital fossas will assist in clinical procedures. Duplex ultrasound has provided a great understanding of the anatomy of superficial veins of cubital fossa

Effect of nano silica fillers on mechanical and abrasive wear behaviour of vinyl ester resin

In this paper, influence of different nano particles such as ……….. on the wear behavior of a vinyl ester resin composites is reported. Nano silica particles, functionalized with a bi-functional coupling agent, methacyloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPS) is found to improve the wear resistance as well as the tensile strength of the fabricated vinyl ester resin nano composite. The uniform particle dispersion and chemical bond between nano particle and vinyl ester resin was observed. Wear behavior of the resin with silica, zinc oxide and alumina nano particles were studied using taber abrasive wear tester. Wear test was conducted for different load conditions and distances. Experimental result showed that vinyl ester resin with nanosilica particles had significantly improved the wear resistance than alumina and zinc oxide nancomposites

Magnetization reversal in a site-dependent anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet under electromagnetic wave propagation

Abstract Information density and switching of magnetization offers an interesting physical phenomenon which invoke magneto-optical techniques employed on the magnetic medium. In this paper, we explore the soliton assisted magnetization reversal in the nanosecond regime in the theoretical framework of the Landau–Lifshitz–Maxwell (LLM) model. Starting from the Landau–Lifshitz equation, we employ the reductive perturbation method to derive an inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrodinger equation, governing the nonlinear spin excitations of a site-dependent anisotropic ferromagnetic medium under the influence of electromagnetic (EM) field in the classical continuum limit. From the results, it is found that the soliton undergoes a flipping thereby indicating the occurrence of magnetization reversal behavior in the nanoscale regime due to the presence of inhomogeneity in the form of a linear function. Besides, the spin components of magnetization are also evolved as soliton spin excitations

PREDICTIVE TIME MODEL OF AN ANGLIA AUTOFLOW MECHANICAL CHICKEN CATCHING SYSTEM

In this project, a predictive time model was developed for an Anglia Autoflow mechanical chicken catching system. At the completion of poultry growout, hand labor is currently used to collect the birds from the house, although some integrators are beginning to incorporate mechanical catching equipment. Several regression models were investigated with the objective of predicting the time taken to catch the chicken. A regression model relating distance to total time (sum of packing time, catching time, movement to catching and movement to packing) provided the best performance. The model was based on data collected from poultry farms on the Delmarva Peninsula during a six-month period. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and NeuroShell Easy Predictor were used to build the regression and neural network models respectively. Model adequacy was established by both visual inspection and statistical techniques. The models were validated with experimental results not incorporated into the initial model.Livestock Production/Industries,

Systematic Review: Challenges in Teaching Writing Skills for Upper Secondary in ESL Classrooms and Suggestions to overcome them

This paper presents a systematic review of relevant published studies on challenges in teaching writing skills for upper secondary in ESL classrooms and solutions to overcome them from year 2012-2020. This systematic review attempts to address two research questions ; i.e. what are the writing challenges of the students and what are the solutions to overcome writing challenges faced by ESL students. 12 single studies and 2 systematic reviews were systematically reviewed and revealed that the most challenges encountered by students in writing are word choice, vocabulary, grammar and poor organisation of ideas. The findings also shed some lights on solutions to overcome the challenges from teachers’ and students’ perspective. Teachers should act as a guidance by providing sample essays, giving feedbacks and choose suitable approach by identifying students’ needs. Meanwhile the students should read more to generate ideas and improve their vocabulary and grammar knowledge

Analysis of fifty cases of chronic obstructive lung disease with clinical parameters, ECG and ECHO

Pulmonary hypertension was the major cardiovascular complication of COPD , the chronic hypoxia of COPD is responsible for the development of pulmonary hypertension .24 percent of the total cases had pulmonary hypertension. The need for life long oxygen therapy was reemphasized in this study by establishing that nine patients had p wave amplitude summation in 2, 3, av F of more than 9 mm. The study also established that the best non invasive way to detect raised pulmonary arterial pressure was detecting tricuspid regurgitation by echocardiogram. Males Predominantly had Emphysema female had predominantly Chronic Bronchitis with corpulmonale 9 /50 had 2+3+avF *P* wave amplitude > 9m as this the one of the indication for **Long Term Oxygen Therapy as per The American Thoracic Society**. Urbanization , pollution of air, textile industry, dye industry, cotton industry, farming activities, smoking are major triggers for copd more over the complications of copd like pulmonary hypertension corpulmonale were better found by ecg and echocardiogram. The use of ecg was in detecting the patients who need o2 Therapy [if the combined 2+3+avF P wave amplitude more than 9 mm]. the evidence of pulmonary hypertension right Ventricular hypertrophy were, detected well,. Normally it is difficult to Estimate pulmonary arterial pressure invasively via catheter but Easy to measure it indirectly if we measure it by detecting Tricuspid regurgitation nonivasively by echocardiogram. 18% patients had concomitant CAHD, this observation is important, because systemic inflammation plays enhanced role in atherosclerosis, diabetes. [TNF alpha is increased in COPD, patients]. Finally the study by analyzing COPD patients with clinical arameters, ECG, ECHOCARDIOGRAM, concluded that pulmonary hypertension was the most common cardiovascular complication leading to cor pulmonale, and emphysema was more common in smokers, bronchitis was more common in females , the prevalence of COPD was more in urban areas due o pollution of air by automobiles. The textile based industries were mainly responsible for the increased prevalence of COPD

Coral bleaching: causes, consequences and mitigation

The coral reefs are distributed in the tropical regions and cover less than one percent of the earth’s surface, but provide habitat for many species in the marine realm. The majority of reef building corals are found in tropical and subtropical waters and typically occur between 30° N and 30° S latitudes (Fig. 1). Coral reefs are greatly valued due for their beauty, biodiversity it encompasses and the products and services they provide to human society. The coral reefs are made of calcium carbonate secreted as skeletal material by the coral polyp. Coral polyps live in association with intracellular algae (zooxanthellae), which provide additional nutrition to the coral in its life processes. The association of coral polyp with zooxanthellae, restrict its distribution in waters up to the depth of 100 meters where sunlight would be available for the photosynthetic zooxanthellae. The worldwide of zooxanthellate corals in the different distribution eco-regions is a unique underwater ecosystem and provides annual net economic benefit around 30 billion dollars (Buddemeier et al., 2004 Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 44p). However, coral reefs are most vulnerable to Climate Change due to the stenothermic nature of coral polyps

Incidence of kleptoparasitism on jelly fish Rhopilema hispidum from the Pamban coast of Palk Bay, Southeast coast of India

Incidence of kleptoparasitism on jelly fish Rhopilema hispidum from the Pamban coast of Palk Bay, Southeast coast of Indi

Estimating Demand Uncertainty Using Judgmental Forecasts

Measuring demand uncertainty is a key activity in supply chain planning. Of various methods of estimating the standard deviation of demand, one that has been employed successfully in the recent literature uses dispersion among expertsâ forecasts. However, there has been limited empirical validation of this methodology. In this paper we provide a general methodology for estimating the standard deviation of a random variable using dispersion among expertsâ forecasts. We test this methodology using three datasets, demand data at item level, sales data at firm level for retailers, and sales data at firm level for manufacturers. We show that the standard deviation of a random variable (demand and sales for our datasets) is positively correlated with dispersion among expertsâ forecasts. Further we use longitudinal datasets with sales forecasts made 3-9 months before earnings report date for retailers and manufacturers to show that the effects of dispersion and scale on standard deviation of forecast error are consistent over time.Operations Management Working Papers Serie