Potensi Gas Rumah Kaca (Grk) Kolam Anaerobik pada Pengolahan Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (Lcpks)

World vegetable oil needs to be increased every year along with population growth. Vegetable oil which potential to supply is palm oil because it has the highest productivity compared to other vegetable oil sources. Behind the rapid development of palm oil, came negative issue about environmental damage especially the increase of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the palm oil industry. This research aimed to calculate the potential of greenhouse gas caused by palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in the anaerobic pond. The method used is by capture methane and carbon dioxide at the float chamber then gas chromatography analyzed. The results showed that the highest methane and carbon dioxide released at night (10.00 – 11.00 pm). The average potential released methane is 9441.28 mg C-CH4 m-2h-1 and Carbon dioxide is 5920.74 mg C-CO2 m-2h-1

Air pollution and cardiovascular mortality with over 25years follow-up : a combined analysis of two British cohorts

Adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are well established. There are comparatively fewer studies in Europe, and in the UK particularly, than in North America. We examined associations in two British cohorts with >25years of follow-up.; Annual average NO2, SO2 and black smoke (BS) air pollution exposure estimates for 1991 were obtained from land use regression models using contemporaneous monitoring data. From the European Study of Cohorts and Air Pollution (ESCAPE), air pollution estimates in 2010-11 were obtained for NO2, NOx, PM10, PMcoarse and PM2.5. The exposure estimates were assigned to place of residence 1989 for participants in a national birth cohort born in 1946, the MRC National Study of Health and Development (NSHD), and an adult multi-ethnic London cohort, Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) recruited 1988-91. The combined median follow-up was 26years. Single-pollutant competing risk models were employed, adjusting for individual risk factors.; Elevated non-significant hazard ratios for CVD mortality were seen with 1991 BS and SO2 and with ESCAPE PM10 and PM2.5 in fully adjusted linear models. Per 10μg/m(3) increase HRs were 1.11 [95% CI: 0.76-1.61] for BS, 1.05 [95% CI: 0.91-1.22] for SO2, 1.16 [95% CI: 0.70-1.92] for PM10 and 1.30 [95% CI: 0.39-4.34] for PM2.5, with largest effects seen in the fourth quartile of BS and PM2.5 compared to the first with HR 1.24 [95% CI: 0.91-1.61] and 1.21 [95% CI: 0.88-1.66] respectively. There were no consistent associations with other ESCAPE pollutants, or with 1991 NO2. Modelling using Cox regression led to similar results.; Our results support a detrimental long-term effect for air pollutants on cardiovascular mortality

An oligofluorene truxene based distributed feedback laser for biosensing applications

The first example of an all-organic oligofluorene truxene based distributed feedback laser for the detection of a specific protein–small molecule interaction is reported. The protein avidin was detected down to View the MathML source1μgmL−1 using our biotin-labelled biosensor platform. This interaction was both selective and reversible when biotin was replaced with desthiobiotin. Avidin detection was not perturbed by Bovine Serum Albumin up to View the MathML source50,000μgmL−1. Our biosensor offers a new detection platform that is both highly sensitive, modular and potentially re-usable

Metode Irfani dalam epistemologi Islam

INDONESIA: Penelitian ini berupaya menggambarkan perkembangan nalar irfani dan merumuskan metode irfani dalam epistemologi Islam. Di era dominasi positivisme ilmu pengetahuan, metode irfani menjadi pendekatan yang sulit diterima. Namun seiring berkembangnya berbagai pandangan filsafat ilmu pengetahuan mutakhir, misalnya dikembangkan oleh Paul Feyerabend, semuanya metode menjadi mungkin. Peneliti menggunakan metode kajian literatur untuk melakukan riset ini. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah secara potensial ‘irfani mungkin diperoleh setiap manusia yang melakukan perjalanan ruhani. Selain sebagai model epistemologi, ‘irfani sesungguhnya merupakan pengalaman spiritual yang kaya sehingga di pandang sebagai kekayaan Islam yang harus diapresiasi demi penyempurnaan pengamalan keIslaman itu sendiri. Metode irfani mendorong pencari ilmu untuk berusaha mendekatkan diri kepada Allah Yang Mahabenar (al-Haqq). Realitas bukan hanya ditemukan, tapi dicapai. Pencapaian pengetahuan mengenai realitas itu terjadi karena kaum ‘arif melakukan perjalanan spiritual menuju Yang Mahabenar, baik dengan metode ittihad dan hulul, atau maqom mukasyafah (ketersingkapan) realitas-Nya. Dengan penyucian jiwa itulah, kaum ‘arif memiliki pengetahuan tentang-Nya, maka realitas yang inderawi dan rasional tentu akan diketahui pula. ENGLISH: This study tries to describe the development of irfani reasoning and formulate the irfani method in Islamic epistemology. In the era of the dominance of scientific positivism, the irfani method became a problematic approach to accept. However, as various philosophical views of the latest scientific developments, such as those developed by Paul Feyerabend, all methods become possible. In this study, the researcher used the literature review method. This study concludes that potentially 'irfani may be obtained by every human who travels the spiritual journey. Aside from being an epistemological model, irfani is a rich spiritual experience so that it is viewed as Islamic wealth, which must be appreciated in order to perfect the practice of Islam itself. The irfani method encourages knowledge seekers to try to draw closer to the True God (al-Haqq). Reality is not only found but achieved. The attainment of knowledge about reality occurs because the ‘arif make a spiritual journey to the Truth (al-Haqq), both by the method of ittihad and hulul, or maqom mukasyafah (the disclosure) of His reality. With the purification of the soul, the wise man (‘arif) know about Him; then, the sensory and rational reality will undoubtedly be known as well

Viral etiology, seasonality and severity of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2007-2014.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology, seasonality or severity of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. METHODS: Sentinel surveillance for SARI was conducted from December 2007 through February 2014 at 20 hospitals in Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients meeting SARI case definitions and were analyzed for infection with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (hPIV1-3). We analyzed surveillance data to calculate positivity rates for viral respiratory pathogens, describe the seasonality of those pathogens and determine which pathogens were responsible for more severe outcomes requiring ventilation and/or intensive care and/or resulting in death. RESULTS: At least one viral respiratory pathogen was detected in 8,753/28,508 (30.7%) samples tested for at least one pathogen and 3,497/9,315 (37.5%) of samples tested for all pathogens-influenza in 3,345/28,438 (11.8%), RSV in 3,942/24,503 (16.1%), AdV in 923/9,402 (9.8%), hMPV in 617/9,384 (6.6%), hPIV1 in 159/9,402 (1.7%), hPIV2 in 85/9,402 (0.9%) and hPIV3 in 365/9,402 (3.9%). Multiple pathogens were identified in 501/9,316 (5.4%) participants tested for all pathogens. Monthly variation, indicating seasonal differences in levels of infection, was observed for all pathogens. Participants with hMPV infections and participants less than five years of age were significantly less likely than participants not infected with hMPV and those older than five years of age, respectively, to experience a severe outcome, while participants with a pre-existing chronic disease were at increased risk of a severe outcome, compared to those with no reported pre-existing chronic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Viral respiratory pathogens are common among SARI patients in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Ongoing surveillance is important to monitor changes in the etiology, seasonality and severity of pathogens of interest

The LKB1-salt-inducible kinase pathway functions as a key gluconeogenic suppressor in the liver

LKB1 is a master kinase that regulates metabolism and growth through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and 12 other closely related kinases. Liver-specific ablation of LKB1 causes increased glucose production in hepatocytes in vitro and hyperglycaemia in fasting mice in vivo. Here we report that the salt-inducible kinases (SIK1, 2 and 3), members of the AMPK-related kinase family, play a key role as gluconeogenic suppressors downstream of LKB1 in the liver. The selective SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 promotes dephosphorylation of transcriptional co-activators CRTC2/3 resulting in enhanced gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production in hepatocytes, an effect that is abolished when an HG-9-91-01-insensitive mutant SIK is introduced or LKB1 is ablated. Although SIK2 was proposed as a key regulator of insulin-mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis, we provide genetic evidence that liver-specific ablation of SIK2 alone has no effect on gluconeogenesis and insulin does not modulate SIK2 phosphorylation or activity. Collectively, we demonstrate that the LKB1-SIK pathway functions as a key gluconeogenic gatekeeper in the liver

Screening of DUB activity and specificity by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Deubiquitylases (DUBs) are key regulators of the ubiquitin system which cleave ubiquitin moieties from proteins and polyubiquitin chains. Several DUBs have been implicated in various diseases and are attractive drug targets. We have developed a sensitive and fast assay to quantify in vitro DUB enzyme activity using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Unlike other current assays, this method uses unmodified substrates, such as diubiquitin topoisomers. By analyzing 42 human DUBs against all diubiquitin topoisomers we provide an extensive characterization of DUB activity and specificity. Our results confirm the high specificity of many members of the OTU and JAMM DUB families and highlight that all USPs tested display low linkage selectivity. We also demonstrate that this assay can be deployed to assess the potency and specificity of DUB inhibitors by profiling 11 compounds against a panel of 32 DUBs

A measurement of proton-carbon forward scattering in a proof-of-principle test of the EMPHATIC spectrometer

The next generation of long-baseline neutrino experiments will be capable of precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, precision neutrino-nucleus scattering, and unprecedented sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model. Reduced uncertainties in neutrino fluxes are necessary to achieve high precision and sensitivity in these future precise neutrino measurements. New measurements of hadron-nucleus interaction cross sections are needed to reduce uncertainties of neutrino fluxes. We report measurements of the differential cross-section as a function of scattering angle for proton-carbon interactions with a single charged particle in the final state at beam momenta of 20, 30, and 120 GeV/c. These measurements are the result of a beam test for EMPHATIC, a hadron-scattering and hadron-production experiment. The total, elastic and inelastic cross-sections are also extracted from the data and compared to previous measurements. These results can be used in current and future long-baseline neutrino experiments, and demonstrate the feasibility of future measurements by an upgraded EMPHATIC spectrometer