CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in bone marrow to fatty acids in high-fat diets

Obesity is associated with disruptions in the adaptive immune system; however, dietary fatty acids in high-fat diets (HFDs) that induce obesity have consequences that are currently unclear regarding T-cell maintenance in bone marrow (BM). C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to isocaloric HFDs formulated with dietary fats rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), or MUFAs supplemented with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids for 20 weeks, followed by an analysis of the immunophenotypic feature of lymphocytes (CD3+) T and their subsets CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen and BM, identification of fatty acids in BM extracellular fluid and analysis of the correspondence between fatty acids with the frequency of T-cell subsets in BM. Splenic CD3+ T cells were reduced irrespective of HFDs. In BM, CD3+ T cells were reduced after HFD-SFAs, while CD4+ T cells were increased after HFDs enriched in MUFAs and CD8+ T cells were reduced irrespective of HFDs. In BM extracellular fluid, the content of palmitic and myristic acids increased after HFD-SFAs and that of oleic acid increased after HFDs enriched in MUFAs. There was a statistical correspondence between HFD-induced changes in fatty acids in BM extracellular fluid and HFD-induced changes in the frequency of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in BM. These findings reveal an undervalued critical role for dietary fatty acids in the selective acquisition of T-cell subsets in BM, highlighting that oleic acid existing in the surroundings of T-cell niches during HFD-induced obesity could be instrumental in the maintenance of CD4+ T cells.Fondo Social Europeo y Universidad de Sevilla-VPPI-USConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Juan de la Cierva-FJCI-2017-3313

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Diferencias de la población general en relación a los conocimientos, actitudes y conductas hacia el estigma en salud mental

Differences in general population on knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to mental health stigma Abstract: Stigma in mental health is studied in a sample of 152 subjects of Almería city population with the aim of designing specific anti-stigma campaigns. For this, Stigma is operatized in three constructs: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour, using MAKS, CAMI and RIBS scales for these. Results show that the younger group, under thirty-five years old are less knowledgeable about mental health related to stigma, showing a significant difference (p< .05). Moreover, we found significant differences in gender regarding the intention of stigmatizing behaviour (p=.049) as well as attitudes (p= .006) where men have more stigmatizing behaviour and attitudes than women. These results together with those that show a significant correlation between knowledge and behaviour, as well as between attitudes and behaviour will be used as a guide to design interventions aimed to reduce stigma in mental health.Se estudia una muestra de 152 sujetos de la población de Almería capital con respecto al Estigma en Salud Mental con el objetivo de diseñar intervenciones anti-estigma específicas. Para ello se operativiza el Estigma en tres constructos: Conocimiento, Actitudes y Conducta utilizando las escalas MAKS, CAMI y RIBS respectivamente. Los resultados indican que los más jóvenes, menores de treinta y cinco años, son los que de forma significativa (p< .05) cuentan con menos conocimientos en Salud Mental relacionado con el Estigma. Así mismo se encuentran diferencias significativas entre sexos en referencia a la intención de conductas estigmatizantes (p= .049) y de actitudes estigmatizantes (p= .006) siendo los hombres los que tienden a exhibir intención de conducta y actitudes más estigmatizantes. Estos resultados junto con otros que nos muestran una correlación significativa entre Conocimientos y Conducta y por otro lado entre Actitudes y Conducta, nos sirven de guía en el diseño de intervenciones encaminadas a reducir el estigma en salud mental

Social and personality variables related to the origin of auditory hallucinations

Hallucinations represent one of the most interesting and relevant symptoms in Psychopathology today. Although mainly associated with psychotic disorders, they are also present in an important range of psychiatric disturbances (affective disorders, post-traumatic stress, dementia, drug additions, etc.). This article emphasizes that social and personality aspects are basic to understanding this phenomenon. A large part of the studies carried out in recent years have dealt more with underlying biological and cognitive aspects of the phenomenon. However, the social situation in which these individuals live, the sociocultural context in which they move and the different personality styles which are what, to a great extent, determine the function that the hallucinations have in the life of these patients, must also be understood. This analysis focuses mainly on the auditory hallucinations normally present in schizophrenia.Las alucinaciones representan hoy en día uno de los síntomas más llamativos y relevantes de la Psicopatología. Así, aunque principalmente se asocian a los trastornos psicóticos, también están presentes en una gama amplia de alteraciones psiquiátricas (trastornos del estado de ánimo, estrés postraumático, demencias, toxicomanías, etc.). En el presente trabajo se destaca que los aspectos sociales y de personalidad son fundamentales a la hora de entender este fenómeno. Gran parte de los estudios llevados a cabo en los últimos años han incidido más en los aspectos biológicos y cognitivos subyacentes a este fenómeno. Sin embargo, también es relevante entender la situación social en la que se encuentran estos individuos, el contexto sociocultural en el que se mueven y los diferentes estilos de personalidad que son los que determinan, en gran medida, la función que las alucinaciones cobran en la vida de estos pacientes. El presente análisis se centra fundamentalmente en las voces auditivas presentes habitualmente en la esquizofrenia