Aspectos biológicos diferenciales en el cáncer según el género

Several studies show that women are potentially more susceptible to developing lung cancer (LC). Specifically, women are more prone to adenocarcinomas, they usually develop the disease younger, are diagnosed at earlier stages, and female non-smokers are at higher risk. On the other hand, no particular cause has been detected for all LC, which suggests the presence of additive synergistic effects among several causes, in conjunction with predisposing and risk factors for LC. In line with this, the hypothesis that oestrogens can play a role in LC carcinogenesis is gaining acceptance, although the mechanism by which oestrogens are involved in this process is not clear. Although, on the whole, this review suggests women are more likely to smoke and so potentially more prone to develop LC, the influence of these differential characteristics regarding survival is controversial.Diferentes trabajos muestran que las mujeres son potencialmente más vulnerables a desarrollar un cáncer de pulmón (CP). En particular, las mujeres son más propensas a desarrollar adenocarcinomas, suelen ser más jóvenes, son diagnosticadas en estadios más iniciales y poseen un mayor riesgo las no fumadoras. Por otra parte, no en todos los CP existe una causa concreta detectada, lo que hace pensar en la existencia de efectos aditivos y sinérgicos entre distintas causas, así como en la existencia de factores de predisposición y de riesgo para padecer un CP. En este sentido, la hipótesis de que los estrógenos pueden desempeñar un papel en la carcinogénesis del CP va cobrando importancia, aunque el mecanismo de esta implicación no está claro. Aunque todo lo expuesto en esta revisión sugiere que las mujeres son más susceptibles al tabaco y potencialmente más vulnerables a desarrollar un CP, la influencia de estas características diferenciales en cuanto a la supervivencia es controvertida

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Carcinoma: Recommendations for Practical Approaches to PD-L1 and Other Potential Predictive Biomarker Testing

Immuno-oncology (IO) agents (anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti–programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)) are approved as first- and second-line treatments for metastatic UC. PD-L1 expression levels in UC tumors help clinicians determine which patients are more likely to respond to IO therapies. Assays for approved IO agents use different antibodies, immunohistochemical protocols, cutoffs (defining “high” vs. “low” PD-L1 expression), and scoring algorithms. The robust control of pre-analytical and analytical standards is needed to obtain high-quality PD-L1 results. To better understand the status and perspectives of biomarker-guided patient selection for anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 agents in UC, three workshops were held from December 2018 to December 2019 in Italy, Malaysia, and Spain. The primary goal was to develop recommendations for best practice approaches to PD-L1 testing in UC. Recommendations pertaining to the interpretation and reporting of the results of PD-L1 assays from experienced pathologists and oncologists from around the globe are included. A test request form for pathology laboratories was developed as a critical first step for oncologists/urologists to encourage communication between clinicians and pathologists, ensuring fast and high-quality test results. In this era of personalized medicine, we briefly discuss novel biomarkers being evaluated for IO agents in UC

Lung Cancer Genomic Signatures

Background:Lung cancer (LC) is the dominant cause of death by cancer in the world, being responsible for more than a million deaths annually. It is a highly lethal common tumor that is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages for which effective alternative therapeutics do not exist. In view of this, there is an urgent need to improve the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic classification systems, currently based on clinicopathological criteria that do not adequately translate the enormous biologic complexity of this disease.Methods:The advent of the human genome sequencing project and the concurrent development of many genomic-based technologies have allowed scientists to explore the possibility of using expression profiles to identify homogenous tumor subtypes, new prognostic factors of human cancer, response to a particular treatment, etc. and thereby select the best possible therapies while decreasing the risk of toxicities for the patients. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to identify the complete catalog of genes that are altered in cancer and to discriminate tumors accurately on the basis of their genetic background.Results and Discussion:In this article, we present some of the works that has applied high-throughput technologies to LC research. In addition, we will give an overview of recent results in the field of LC genomics, with their effect on patient care, and discuss challenges and the potential future developments of this area

Caracterização composicional do fruto de 15 variedades de Jatropha curcas L. no departamento do Tolima, Colômbia

The Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) is a tropical plant going through a domestication process with a multipurpose use, mainly for biodiesel. The characterization of the fruit will allow recognizing the use of oil in order to replace fossil energy and the potential use of the other components. For this reason, the assessment and identification of the components of the fruit and its possible uses were tested in an experiment that took place in Tolima, Colombia. One random complete block design was used with 15 varieties and three replications, using an experimental unit of 20 plants established with a planting distance of 3 x 2 m. The assessment showed six components of the fruit: pulp, seed husk, almond cake, and oil. The share of each component was: pulp (73.9 %) and seed (26.1 %). The pulp showed nitrogen (1.1 %) and potassium (9.7 %), plus some minor elements (manganese, zinc and iron). The seed showed two components: husk (29.9 %) and almond (70.1 %), with an energy value of 4,155 kcal husk / kg. From the Almond, oil (44.1 %) and cake (55.9 %) were obtained. The oil showed two fatty acids in higher proportion: oleic (40.3 %) and linoleic (38.6 %) and the cake showed a protein content of 62.0 %. The JCL oil has the potential for biodiesel; the pulp as biofertilizer; the husk for energy cogeneration, and the cake for animal feed.Jatropha curcas L. ( JCL) es una planta tropical en proceso de domesticación con uso multipropósito, principalmente, para biodiesel. La caracterización del fruto permitirá reconocer el aprovechamiento del aceite para la sustitución de la energía fósil y el potencial uso de los otros componentes. Por esta razón, se realizó la valoración e identificación de  los componentes del fruto y sus posibles usos en un experimento ubicado en el Tolima (Colombia). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 15 variedades y 3 repeticiones, mediante el uso de una unidad experimental de 20 plantas establecidas con una distancia de siembra de 3 x 2 m. La valoración del fruto mostro seis componentes: pulpa, semilla, cascarilla, almendra, torta y aceite. La participación de cada componente fue la siguiente: pulpa 73,9 % y semilla 26,1 %. La pulpa presento nitrógeno (1,1 %) y potasio (9,7 %), además de elementos menores (manganeso, zinc y hierro). La semilla mostro dos componentes: cascarilla (29,9 %) y almendra (70,1 %), con un valor energético de la cascarilla de 4.155 kcal/kg. De la almendra se obtuvo aceite (44,1 %) y torta (55,9 %). El aceite presento en mayor proporción dos ácidos grasos: oleico (40,3 %) y linoleico (38,6 %), y la torta, un contenido de proteína del 62,0 %. El aceite de JCL tiene potencial para biodiesel; la pulpa, como biofertilizante; la cascarilla, para la cogeneración de energía; y la torta, para alimentación animal.Jatropha curcas L. ( JCL) e uma planta tropical em processo de domesticacao com uso multiproposito, principalmente, para biodiesel. A caracterizacao do fruto permitira reconhecer o aproveitamento do oleo para a substituicao da energia fossil e o potencial uso dos outros componentes. Por esta razao, realizou-se a valoracao e identificacao dos componentes do fruto e os seus possiveis usos em um ensaio localizado em Tolima (Colombia). Utilizou-se um estudo de blocos completos ao acaso, com 15 variedades e 3 repeticoes, mediante o uso de uma unidade experimental de 20 plantas estabelecidas com uma distancia de semeadura de 3 x 2 m. A valoracao do fruto mostrou seis componentes: polpa, semente, caroco, amendoa, bagaco e oleo. A participacao de cada componente foi a seguinte: polpa 73,9 % e semente 26,1 %. A polpa apresentou nitrogenio (1,1 %) e potasio (9,7 %), alem do mais de elementos menores (manganesio, zinco e ferro). A semente mostrou dois componentes: caroco (29,9 %) e amendoa (70,1 %), com um valor energetico do caroco de 4.155 kcal/kg. Da amendoa se obteve oleo (44,1 %) e bagaco (55,9 %). O oleo apresentou em maior proporcao dois acidos gordurosos: oleico (40,3 %) e linoleico (38,6 %), e a bagaco, um conteudo de proteina do 62,0 %. O oleo de JCL tem potencial para biodiesel; a polpa, como biofertilizante; o caroco, para a cogeracao de energia; e o bagaco, para alimentacao animal.

THE PRINCIPLE OF INTEGRITY AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

Objective: Through this work, a study on the integrity of the human being and the fractionation of public procurement has been carried out.Methods: As part of the study, the authors reviewed scientific works on the subject.Results: After analyzing the contracting law 30225, its regulations and other aspects that are part of the contractual procedure, certain factors have been determined that intervene in the actions of the agents in charge of public contracting, such as: i) normative disparity; ii) incapacity of those in charge of the selection processes; and iii) acts of corruption, which put at risk the denaturalization of the norms, generating the splitting of a contract.Conclusions: The splitting of a contracting procedure corresponds more to a subjective decision where the official or servant in charge of the contracting process has the power to discern the good from the bad. The bad decision that entails an illicit conduct will generate liability

Production of crude palm oil biodiesel by heterogeneous catalysis

RESUMEN: Se estudió la producción de biodiesel de aceite crudo de palma mediante el uso de catalizadores heterogéneos ácidos y básicos para las etapas de preesterificación y transesterificación respectivamente. La pre-esterificación es necesaria para aceites con una acidez superior al 4% de ácidos grasos libres, ya que se evitan los problemas asociados con la formación de jabones. En ambas reacciones las variables analizadas fueron el tipo de catalizador, la temperatura y el tiempo. Se analizó la conversión del aceite a metilésteres usando cromatografía gaseosa y la estabilidad de los catalizadores mediante su reutilización. En la etapa de pre-esterificación se encontró que catalizadores ácidos del tipo resinas de poliestireno sulfonadas presentan conversiones superiores al 87% estabilidad para la esterificación de los ácidos grasos libres. Para la transesterificación se estudiaron como catalizadores heterogéneos, el carbonato de potasio libre y soportado en una matriz polimérica, obteniéndose con ambos conversiones superiores a 95 % de biodiesel; con el uso del soporte polimérico se disminuyó la velocidad de disolución de carbonato de potasio, permitiendo su reutilización hasta 10 reutilizaciones.ABSTRACT: The production of crude palm oil biodiesel was studied by using acid and basic heterogeneous catalysts by pre-esterification and transesterification steps, respectively. Pre-esterification step is necessary for high free fatty acid content oils because problems associated with soap formation are avoided. In both reactions the variables analyzed were catalyst type, temperature and time. Conversion of oil to methyl ester was analyzed using gas chromatography and the stability of catalysts by means of reutilization. In the pre-esterification step it was found that acid catalysts type sulfonated polystyrene resin show high conversion and stability for the esterification of free fatty acids. Heterogeneous catalysts both free and supported in a polymeric matrix potassium carbonate were studied for transesterification. High conversions to biodiesel were obtained. Using the polymeric matrix decreased the potassium carbonate dissolution rate, allowing its reutilization

Representación de problemas matemáticos asociados al uso del algoritmo de signación en población sorda

Objective. The purpose of this research was to describe the change in performance (achievement and types of representation employed) of students attending a school for deaf peo ple in the city of Cali, after receiving instructions in the use of the assignment algorithm proposed by Nun es and Moreno (1998b). Method. For this purpose, a descriptive study was carried out, in which a pre-test and post-test formula were used, as well as a descriptive comparison with control group. Eight students took part, to form two groups of four members each. As an instrument of evaluation, a battery of arithmetical problems was ap plied in arabic format, and in Colombian sign language (CSL), in the pre as well as the post test. The intervention consisted of five sessions in which an explanation was given to students on the use of the al gorithm for solving problems of addition. Results. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out for categorized variables, whi ch showed differences in percentages of achievement, ways of problem representation and the use of st rategies in the post test group. Conclusion. The conclusion drawn from the results was that an educational strategy des igned for deaf people could help to improve learning of basic mathematical concepts.Objetivo. La presente investigación pretende describir el cambio en los desempeños (logro y tipos de representación utilizados) de estudiantes de una escuela para población sord a de la ciudad de Cali después de recibir instrucción en el uso del algoritmo de signación, propuesto por Nunes y Moreno (1998b). Método. Para ello, se realizó un estudio con diseño descriptivo, en el que se empleó el formato de pretest y postest, así como comparación descriptiva con grupo control. Ocho estudiantes participaron para con formar dos grupos de cuatro integrantes. Como instrumento de evaluación se aplicó una batería de prob lemas aritméticos en formato arábigo y en lengua de señas colombiana (LSC) tanto en el pre como en el postest . La intervención consistió de cinco sesiones, donde se explicó a los estudiantes el uso del algo ritmo al resolver problemas aditivos. Resultados. Se realizaron análisis de estadística descriptiva para variables categóricas, los cuales mostraron diferencias en los porcentajes de logro, formas de representación del problema y uso de estrategias en el grupo intervenido en el postest. Conclusión. Los resultados permiten concluir que una estrategia educativa pensada para la población sorda puede contribuir a mejorar los aprendizajes de concept os matemáticos básicos.Escopo . A presente pesquisa pretende descrever a mudança nos desempenhos (logro e tipo de representação utilizados) de estudantes de uma escola para população surda da cidade de Cali depois de receber instrução no uso do algoritmo de signação proposto por Nuñez e Moreno (1998b) . Metodologia . Para isto, foi feito um estudo com desenho descritivo, no que empregou-se o formato de pretest e pos test, assim como comparação descritiva com grupo de controle. Oito estudantes participaram para conformar dois grupos de quatro integrantes. Como instrumento de avaliação foi aplicado uma bateria de problemas ari tméticos em formato arábigo e em língua de senhas colombianas (LSC) tanto no pre quanto no pos test. A intervenção consistiu de cinco sessões onde foi explicado aos estudantes o uso do algoritmo ao resolver problemas auditivos. Resultados. Foram realizadas análises de estadística descritiva para variáveis categóricas, os quais mo straram diferenças nos porcentagem de logro, formas de representação do problema e uso de est ratégias no grupo da intervenção no postest. Conclusão . Os resultados permitem concluir que uma estratégia educativa pensada para a população surda pode contribuir a melhorar as aprendizagens de conceitos matemát icos básicos

COMPETENCIA EN LA BANCA MEXICANA: UN ANÁLISIS A PARTIR DE ÍNDICES DE CONCENTRACIÓN, 2000-2014

ResumenEl objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los niveles de competencia de la banca mexicana para el periodo 2000-2014. Para ello se estiman una serie de índices de concentración a partir de información proporcionada por la Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores (CNBV) para las diferentes instituciones bancarias que cuentan con participación en el mercado mexicano. Se analizan los índices de concentración en el sector mediante el Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH) y el Índice de Dominancia (ID). La concentración se calcula sobre indicadores como: cartera de crédito, activos totales, captación tradicional, número de sucursales, cajeros y tarjetas de crédito. Se encuentran altos niveles de concentración en un reducido grupo de instituciones, lo cual tiene implicaciones en materia de regulación y bienestar para los consumidores. Palabras clave: concentración, banca, IHH, ID. Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify competition levels in Mexican banking industry during the period 2000-2014. We estimate concentration indicators using information provided by the Comision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores (CNBV) for different banking institutions with participation in Mexican market. We analyze the concentration indexes in the industry by Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Dominance Index (DI). The concentration is calculated on indicators such as loan portfolio, total assets, core deposits, number of branches, ATMs, credit cards and transactions. We find high levels of concentration in a small group of institutions. It has implications for regulation issues and consumer welfare.Keywords: concentration, banking, HHI, DI