From Smart Cities to Smart Human Cities: digital inclusion in app's

Las Smart Human cities, tienen como objetivos mejorar y facilitar la vida a los ciudadanos con la ayuda de las aplicaciones TICs (Apps, en adelante). El estudio que se presenta tiene como finalidad analizar las Apps, en cuanto a su accesibilidad y usabilidad para ciudadanos con disfuncionalidad visual, ya que esta dificultad es la que más influye en el uso eficaz y eficiente de las mismas. La muestra la constituyen 19 Apps cuyo criterios de selección son; los rankings de aplicaciones más empleadas en el año 2014 (google play, app store y iTunes Store) y aplicaciones desarrolladas por algunas Smart cities españolas (Gijón, Logroño, Madrid y Murcia). Para su análisis se construye una escala descriptiva en base a indicadores extraídos mediantes un proceso deductivo-inductivo. Un primer resultado es el “Sistema de indicadores para el análisis de la accesibilidad y usabilidad de las Apps” como modelo a aplicar. De los cuatro entornos en los que se aglutinan las Apps más usadas, el social y más concretamente las aplicaciones de redes sociales, son las que más atiende a la accesibilidad; son muy demandadas y rentables para la industria de las telecomunicaciones. Sin embargo, el resto de aplicaciones son evaluadas como totalmente inaccesibles para estos usuarios.Smart cities have as goals to Improve and to make an easier life for their citizens throw ICT applications (Apps, hereinafter). The study aim to analyse Apps, abut its accessibility and usability for people with visual dysfunction, because this is the greatest disability with influence on the effective and efficient use of them. The sample constitutes 19 Apps whose selection criteria are; the rankings of most used applications in 2014 (google play, app store and iTunes Store) and some applications developed by some Spanish Smart Cities (Gijon, Logroño, Madrid and Murcia). To analyse these data is made a descriptive scale based on indicators retrieved from a deductive-inductive process. First result is the "System of indicators for analysis accessibility and usability of Apps" as a model to apply. On the four groups of most used Apps, social and social networking applications specifically, pay attention to better accessibility; they have a high demand by costumers and a high cost-profit rates to communications companies. However, other applications are evaluated as completely inaccessible to these special users

Stochastic design of high altitude propellers

[EN] High-Altitude Platform Stations or High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellites (HAPS) use propulsion systems which are commonly based on propellers. In this paper, an algorithm for the design of those propellers considering uncertainties is developed and applied. The algorithm is based on the non intrusive polynomial chaos expansion scheme, which converts the stochastic design problem into an equivalent deterministic one. Two uncertainties are studied and characterized: 1) the stratospheric wind fluctuations using reanalysis datasets and 2) the variability of the aerodynamic coefficients caused by the low Reynolds number. The results of the method are analyzed to tackle how relevant the uncertainties are in the propulsion of the stratospheric platforms. The case of study is an ideal stratospheric airship that operates at a mean wind speed of 9 m/s and requires a thrust of 100 N, both uncertain magnitudes. The propeller is built on NACA4412 airfoils and the cost function to be maximized is the mean net propulsion efficiency. The new method provides a relevant gain in the mean efficiency when compared with the deterministic optimization.S

Advances in CFD Modeling of Urban Wind Applied to Aerial Mobility

[EN] The feasibility, safety, and efficiency of a drone mission in an urban environment are heavily influenced by atmospheric conditions. However, numerical meteorological models cannot cope with fine-grained grids capturing urban geometries; they are typically tuned for best resolutions ranging from 1 to 10 km. To enable urban air mobility, new now-casting techniques are being developed based on different techniques, such as data assimilation, variational analysis, machine-learning algorithms, and time series analysis. Most of these methods require generating an urban wind field database using CFD codes coupled with the mesoscale models. The quality and accuracy of that database determines the accuracy of the now-casting techniques. This review describes the latest advances in CFD simulations applied to urban wind and the alternatives that exist for the coupling with the mesoscale model. First, the distinct turbulence models are introduced, analyzing their advantages and limitations. Secondly, a study of the meshing is introduced, exploring how it has to be adapted to the characteristics of the urban environment. Then, the several alternatives for the definition of the boundary conditions and the interpolation methods for the initial conditions are described. As a key step, the available order reduction methods applicable to the models are presented, so the size and operability of the wind database can be reduced as much as possible. Finally, the data assimilation techniques and the model validation are presented.S

Propuesta de las condiciones de las aplicaciones móviles, para la construcción de un entorno de accesibilidad personal para usuarios con discapacidad visual en las Smart Cities

Los nuevos avances tecnológicos y el uso de nuevas aplicaciones móviles permiten acceder a múltiples posibilidades en las Smart Cities. Sin embargo, el uso de la tecnología no resuelve por sí misma problemas de inclusión de ciudadanos que, por sus condiciones sociales o personales, no pueden utilizarlas adecuadamente. También, estas personas quedan incapacitadas, aún más, para participar como ciudadanos activos en su ciudad. Creando nuevas barreras no arquitectónicas, sino tecnológicas, que son más difíciles de comprender. Este estudio emplea la observación directa de personas con baja visión o ceguera, para comprobar las dificultades y necesidades que presentan en el uso de distintas aplicaciones en los sistemas Android e iOS. Y como resultados se comprueba que todos ellos necesitan aplicaciones complementarias, que en muchos casos no son compatibles con las diseñadas para el resto de personas. Y que, por tanto, no pueden acceder a todos los recursos de la Smart City. Para solucionarlo se propone la creación de un Entorno de Accesibilidad Personal (PAE), a través del cual se le permite el acceso al conjunto de todos los contenidos necesarios para interactuar con el entorno en el que se encuentra.New technological advances and use of new mobile applications facilitate a easy access to multiple possibilities in smart cities. However, the use of technology does not solve inclusion problems of citizens who, due to their social or personal conditions, cannot use them adequately. Also, these people are incapacitated, even more, to participate as active citizens in their city. Creating a new nonarchitectural barriers, but technological ones, which are more difficult to understand. This study employs the direct observation of people with low vision or blindness, to check the difficulties and needs they present in the use of different applications from Android and iOS systems. And as results, it is verified that all of them need complementary applications, which in many cases are not compatible with those designed for other people. And therefore, they cannot access to all the resources in the smart city. To solve it is proposed the creation of a Personal Accessibility Environment (PAE) to allow an access to a set of all necessary contents to interact with the environment in their locations

Spatial synchrony of wader populations in inland lakes of the Iberian Peninsula

Spatial synchronization refers to similarity in temporal variations between spatially separated populations. Three mechanisms have been associated with the spatial synchrony of populations: Moran effect, dispersal and trophic interactions. In this study, we explored the degree of spatial synchrony of three wader species populations (Pied Avocet, Black-winged Stilt and Kentish Plover) using monthly estimates of their abundance in inland lakes of the Iberian Peninsula. The effect of several types of wetland variables (structural, hydroperiod and landscape) on spatial synchronization was explored. Groups of lakes with significant synchronization were identified for all three species. The lakes with wastewater input presented longer hydroperiods than those that did not receive these effluents, and this factor was positively related to the spatial synchrony of the Pied Avocet and Kentish Plover populations. The distance between lakes (used as an indicator of the dispersal effect on synchronization) was significant only in Pied Avocet. No structural or landscape variables were related to spatial synchronization in any species. It was impossible to identify any variable related to the spatial synchronization of Black-winged Stilt abundance as a possible result of the high ecological plasticity of this species. Our data provides the first evidence for mechanisms that act on the spatial synchronizing of wader populations in temporary continental lakes in central Spain, and show that the hydroperiod of lakes acts as an important factor in the spatial synchronization of aquatic species and that its effect is mediated by the reception of urban wastewater.This study forms part of the doctoral thesis of M. S. S. G. and was supported by a grant from CAPES—Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil. The present work was performed within the Project ECOLAKE “Ecological patterns in endorheic lakes: the keys to their conservation, CGL2012-38909” (Universidad de Valencia), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and by the European Union through the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) “One way to make Europe”

Proposal of Mobile Applications conditions to develop a Personal Accessibility Environment for users with visual disabilities in Smart Cities

Los nuevos avances tecnológicos y el uso de nuevas aplicaciones móviles permiten acceder a múltiples posibilidades en las Smart Cities. Sin embargo, el uso de la tecnología no resuelve por sí misma problemas de inclusión de ciudadanos que, por sus condiciones sociales o personales, no pueden utilizarlas adecuadamente. También, estas personas quedan incapacitadas, aún más, para participar como ciudadanos activos en su ciudad. Creando nuevas barreras no arquitectónicas, sino tecnológicas, que son más difíciles de comprender. Este estudio emplea la observación directa de personas con baja visión o ceguera, para comprobar las dificultades y necesidades que presentan en el uso de distintas aplicaciones en los sistemas Android e iOS. Y como resultados se comprueba que todos ellos necesitan aplicaciones complementarias, que en muchos casos no son compatibles con las diseñadas para el resto de personas. Y que, por tanto, no pueden acceder a todos los recursos de la Smart City. Para solucionarlo se propone la creación de un Entorno de Accesibilidad Personal (PAE), a través del cual se le permite el acceso al conjunto de todos los contenidos necesarios para interactuar con el entorno en el que se encuentra.New technological advances and use of new mobile applications facilitate a easy access to multiple possibilities in smart cities. However, the use of technology does not solve inclusion problems of citizens who, due to their social or personal conditions, cannot use them adequately. Also, these people are incapacitated, even more, to participate as active citizens in their city. Creating a new nonarchitectural barriers, but technological ones, which are more difficult to understand. This study employs the direct observation of people with low vision or blindness, to check the difficulties and needs they present in the use of different applications from Android and iOS systems. And as results, it is verified that all of them need complementary applications, which in many cases are not compatible with those designed for other people. And therefore, they cannot access to all the resources in the smart city. To solve it is proposed the creation of a Personal Accessibility Environment (PAE) to allow an access to a set of all necessary contents to interact with the environment in their locations

A Mathcad‐based educational experience to address the design of nonisothermal plug flow reactors

Mathcad is a simple-to-use and intuitive mathematical software that helps students to minimize the mathematical difficulties involved in solving engineering problems. The design of nonisothermal plug flow reactors (PFR) is a fundamental issue within the field of chemical reaction engineering; however, its teaching–learning process is hindered by students' mathematical difficulties in solving ordinary differential equations. In this paper, the software Mathcad was conveniently integrated into an educational experience through the resolution of two real case studies. In the first one, a simple liquid-phase reaction is considered in a PFR working at different operating conditions, whereas the second case evaluates a PFR taking place multiple reactions (parallel reactions) with a heat exchanger attached. The assessment of this experience, which was held into two 5-h Mathcad workshops, revealed that Mathcad made the design of non-isothermal PFR more appealing, facilitated the understanding of the design process, and brought another dimension to the way the students perform complex calculations

Lipid Metabolism Alterations in a Rat Model of Chronic and Intergenerational Exposure to Arsenic

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As), whether directly through the consumption of contaminated drinking water or indirectly through the daily intake of As-contaminated food, is a health threat for more than 150 million people worldwide. Epidemiological studies found an association between chronic consumption of As and several pathologies, the most common being cancer-related disorders. However, As consumption has also been associated with metabolic disorders that could lead to diverse pathologies, suchas type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. Here, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QToF) to assess the effect of chronic intergenerational As exposure on the lipid metabolism profiles of serum from 4-month-old Wistar rats exposed to As prenatally and also during early life in drinking water (3 ppm). Significant differences in the levels of certain identified lyso-phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, and triglycerides were found between the exposed rats and the control groups, as well as between the sexes. Significantly increased lipid oxidation determined by the malondialdehyde (MDA) method was found in exposed rats compared with controls. Chronic intergenerational As exposure alters the rat lipidome, increases lipid oxidation, and dysregulates metabolic pathways, the factors associated with the chronic inflammation present in different diseases associated with chronic exposure to As (i.e., keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and kidney, liver, bladder, and lung cancer)

Prediction of Solubility and Miscibility Parameters of Bismuth-Arsenic Complex and Amorphous Mineral Compounds Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Bismuth is one of the most difficult impurities to remove in mining concentrates and low concentrations generate problems in silver and copper refineries. Therefore, financial penalties are established when concentrations exceed 0.05%. Some researchers had used arsenic to remove bismuth with results of up to 52% of extraction. Unfortunately, this mechanism is not yet fully understood. The objective of this research was to obtain the solubility parameters of amorphous mineral compounds, including bismuth-based compounds, through computational simulation using molecular dynamics. The composition of the mineral sample was determined by X-ray diffraction and the crystalline species were obtained and modeled using Materials Studio software. The nanostructures were optimized by an energy minimization methodology using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm and were validated using the figure of merit equation and density. Simulations were performed using the Universal Force Field at constant pressure and temperature. The results of the minerals identified in the sample were compared with arsenic trioxide, indicating miscibility between As2O3 and Bi2O3, possible miscibility with 10 other minerals, and immiscibility with the rest. The results indicate that As2O3 can be successfully used for the removal of Bi2O3 without a negative effect on the recovery of other minerals of higher commercial value

Memoria del Derecho y disciplinas jurídicas. Estudios

Esta es una obra colectiva que recoge las contribuciones realizadas en el III Seminario Internacional Memoria del derecho y disciplinas jurídicas (siglos XIX-XX) celebrado los días 25 y 26 de mayo de 2022 en la Sede de Santa María de la Rábida de la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, en Palos de la Frontera, Huelva. En estas páginas se da cuenta de la memoria del jurista, así como de la formación de las disciplinas y enseñanzas jurídicas, durante el largo período que va de la Ley Moyano de Instrucción Pública (1857) hasta Ley de Reforma Universitaria (1983).This work collects the presentations made at the III International Seminar Memory of Law and Legal Disciplines (XIX-XX centuries) held on May 25 and 26, 2022 at the Santa María de la Rábida Campus of the International University of Andalusia, in Palos de la Frontera, Huelva. The following pages discuss the lives of legal scholars as well as the emergence of legal disciplines and legal education in Spain in the period spanning from the Moyano Law of Public Instruction (1857) to the University Reform Law (1983).Esta publicación forma parte de los proyectos de I+D+i PID2019-109351GB-C31 / PID2019-109351GB-C32 financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Proyecto “Evolución en la comprensión de la víctima: de la compensación a la reparación”. Acción financiada por la Comunidad de Madrid a través de la línea de “Excelencia del Profesorado Universitario” del Convenio Plurianual con la UC3M (EPUC3M07), en el marco del V PRICIT (V Plan Regional de Investigación Científica e Innovación Tecnológica)”.Presentación / Víctor Saucedo (pp. 9-10).-- La represión de los docentes en regímenes despóticos. Purificación-depuración del profesorado universitario a la caída del Trienio Constitucional y en los inicios de la Dictadura Franquista / Clara Álvarez Alonso (pp. 13-106). -- Entre planes y manuales. La enseñanza penal en el siglo XIX en Cuba. / Adrian J. Cabrera Bibilonia (pp. 107-130). -- José María de Porcioles. El regionalismo franquista y la modernización del derecho catalán / Jaume Claret Miranda, Alfons Aragoneses (pp. 131-160). -- Catedráticos y asignaturas de derecho civil: 1847-1868 / Jesús Delgado Echeverría (pp. 161-194). -- El origen de los prolegómenos del derecho en la universidad española (1842) / Alessandra Giuliani (pp. 195-212). -- La lista de Rojas. Protección diplomática de los sefardíes en la Rumanía del Eje (1940-1943) / Dámaso de Lario (pp. 213-260). -- Reforma de la tutela y doctrina civilística (1983) / Elena López Barba (pp. 261-282). -- El CEU, vivero de catedráticos: 1932-1956 / Manuel Martínez Neira (pp. 283-320). -- El derecho mercantil de la Segunda República. Leyes, textos, figuras / Carlos Petit (pp. 321-376). -- El derecho laboral en las aulas de las escuelas sociales: del Ministerio de Trabajo al Ministerio de Educación, un periplo social / Eugenia Torijano (pp. 377-404). -- Los inicios de la escuela del profesor Girón en Valladolid (1945-1970) / Luis Antonio Velasco San Pedro (pp. 405-426