Analyses dynamics of taxpayers behavior fating the influence of socialpsychological factors

In this study, the main attention is paid to the problem of “shadowing” the Ukrainian economy in the crisis period. Theoretical approaches to determining the functions of taxes and factors affecting real tax revenues were studied. A scientific study was carried out which would reveal the motives for the behavior of taxpayers, which are explicitly or implicitly laid in the basis of approaches to the formation of the mechanism of taxation and tax policy of the state. Therefore, we tried to determine the reasons why the behavior of each individual taxpayer is completely determined by his individual rational choice, determined by the desire to maximize his own benefit, i.e. does not depend on the choice of the tax behavior of other agents and the effects that individual taxpayers have on each other. Our results show that the reduction of transaction costs in the legal sector of the economy and the creation of conditions that impede the illegal conduct of transactions are not sufficient conditions for the implementation of formal taxation rules

Автоматизація індивідуального протитеплового захисту рятувальників у початковий період ліквідації пожежі

The problem of protection of rescuers from thermal injuries at the initial stage of fire suppression was explored.The authors substantiated structural components of the autonomous device for individual protection of rescuers from thermal injuries at the initial stage of emergency elimination, mainly during the site reconnaissance, when means of fire suppression and thermal protection of rescuers are not deployed yet. The automatic autonomous thermoprotective device, the structural system of which contains hydraulic and automatic parts, was proposed. The hydraulic part includes: the tank, pipelines for feeding a cooling agent, the atomizer, and the shutter of the electromagnetic valve. The tank is filled with the cooling agent under pressure. The shutter of the valve is located on the neck of the tank and in the initial state overlaps the pipeline. The atomizer is fixed on a rescuer’s helmet. The automatic part of the device consists of the control unit with the autonomous battery, located in the under-clothing space, the temperature sensor and the driving part of the electromagnetic valve.The model and the model sample of the autonomous thermoprotective device were tested under laboratory conditions. Testing results demonstrated workability of the proposed technical solution and possibility of operation in automatic mode. Effectiveness of cooling the rescuer’s body by periodic sprinkling of the surface of special protective clothing was proved. The device timely reacted to the temperature change in the under-clothing space and automatically cooled down the surface of special firefighter clothing within five seconds. Pulse mode of device operation provides economical consumption of a cooling agent and an increase in the duration of rescuer’s protection from thermal injuries.External sprinkling for the purpose of cooling helps counteract thermal destruction of fabric of the special clothes for firefighters and increase their operation termРассмотрена проблема защиты спасателей от теплового поражения на начальном этапе ликвидации пожара, когда нет полной информации о пожарной опасности объекта и не задействованы противотепловые средства. Обоснованы конструктивные подходы к разработке автоматического автономного теплозащитного устройства для защиты спасателей от теплового поражения. Испытан макетный образец устройства, который продемонстрировал эффективность охлаждения организма спасателяДосліджено проблему захисту рятувальників від теплового ураження на початковому етапі ліквідації пожежі, коли немає повної інформації про пожежну небезпеку об’єкта й не задіяні протитеплові засоби. Обґрунтовано конструктивні підходи до розроблення автоматичного автономного теплозахисного пристрою для захисту рятувальників від теплового ураження. Випробувано макетний зразок пристрою, який продемонстрував ефективність охолодження організму рятувальник

Automatization of Individual Anti-thermal Protection of Rescuers in the Initial Period of Fire Suppression

The problem of protection of rescuers from thermal injuries at the initial stage of fire suppression was explored.The authors substantiated structural components of the autonomous device for individual protection of rescuers from thermal injuries at the initial stage of emergency elimination, mainly during the site reconnaissance, when means of fire suppression and thermal protection of rescuers are not deployed yet. The automatic autonomous thermoprotective device, the structural system of which contains hydraulic and automatic parts, was proposed. The hydraulic part includes: the tank, pipelines for feeding a cooling agent, the atomizer, and the shutter of the electromagnetic valve. The tank is filled with the cooling agent under pressure. The shutter of the valve is located on the neck of the tank and in the initial state overlaps the pipeline. The atomizer is fixed on a rescuer's helmet. The automatic part of the device consists of the control unit with the autonomous battery, located in the under-clothing space, the temperature sensor and the driving part of the electromagnetic valve.The model and the model sample of the autonomous thermoprotective device were tested under laboratory conditions. Testing results demonstrated workability of the proposed technical solution and possibility of operation in automatic mode. Effectiveness of cooling the rescuer's body by periodic sprinkling of the surface of special protective clothing was proved. The device timely reacted to the temperature change in the under-clothing space and automatically cooled down the surface of special firefighter clothing within five seconds. Pulse mode of device operation provides economical consumption of a cooling agent and an increase in the duration of rescuer's protection from thermal injuries.External sprinkling for the purpose of cooling helps counteract thermal destruction of fabric of the special clothes for firefighters and increase their operation ter

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified